Thematic Analysis Of Faerie Queene Literature Essay

Topical Analysis Of Faerie Queene Literature Essay The natural human culture keeps on being looked by different obstructions to its reality and coherence. A portion of these shifted issues incorporate; the truth a session truth and confidence, the ceaseless shades of malice, the disarray of adoration and the tirelessness scan for virtue. It is a direct result of these quarrels that Edmunds Spencers Faerie Queene was composed. The book centers to a great extent around the focal topic of sacredness and how it very well may be accomplished in the general public. Sacredness would mean being unadulterated, spotless and faithful. Anyway it can not exist without insidious. As per Wauchope, blessedness could be contrasted with light and insidiousness contrasted with obscurity. Blessedness along these lines the fundamental drive and desire for any individual who wishes to achieve the most noteworthy resources throughout everyday life, truth, confidence and love. Crafted by any author can't be clear and complete except if different characters are utilized so as to draw out the planned message. As such Spencer has outstanding characters that have diverse reason. Book 1, Cont I, presents Redcrosse who is the Knight of Holiness that works cooperatively with Una, an excellent woman who is out to speak to truth and confidence of a genuine Christian. It is matter to be noticed that for any individual who intends to be a genuine Christian brimming with sacredness, he should have genuine confidence. The strict fights that exist on the planet today can be followed back to the christsera. The vast majority within recent memory is looked by absence of prudence of heavenliness, tenacious malevolence that compromises mankind explicitly happening because of predominance battles among the significant religions of the time. The world known religion catholic is being sentenced for not introducing truth to its adherents and utilizations different pictures that are intended to mislead. The quality of Knight and the woman Una is because of intensity, mental fortitude and sheer assurance to accomplish triumph by intensely battling underhanded and bogus religion (Faerie Queene II,147-48) . The Roman Empire endeavored to guarantee that the entire world stays limited by one religion yet in any case, due to expanded mindfulness and opportunity, the England individuals drove a decided resistance and split away from Roman Catholic to shape a genuine religion of Protestants and Anglicans. This furious separation irritated malevolence in the general public, where a great many people were murdered for safeguarding their confidence. Most Martyrs like Stephen had to kick the bucket as a result of attempting light to bring to the world. The genuine situation for any Christian ought to be to target battling for uprightness and work towards guaranteeing that abhorrent results too early. Each general public that attempts to progress in heavenliness still needs to confront the obstacles of bad habit. The two components are portions of a similar coin that work at the outrageous finishes. Hamilton features in his book, that shrewd will accept the smallest open door to inundate blessedness. Una who is speaking to truth happens to meet Duessa, who on opposite speaks to bogus pictures that are utilized to misdirect and confound the confidence of Una. She is conflicted between the fiend and remote ocean losing when she experiences Duessa.That being a solid religion, Catholic Church despite everything centers around utilization of pictures which convey bogus importance. These pictures could be wellspring of worshipful admiration, which caused the resistance of the Protestants. To be sure any person with divine confidence and sacredness can't acknowledge to discard his respectable interest since triumph doesn't come without any problem. Battling fiendish in the general public expects one to remain on course in any event, when it appears to be intense. This would require encircle yourself with life entertainers who have accomplished the most elevated stepping stool in the fields of confidence, character and respect. At the point when Knight Meets Una, a solid bond is built up that help them to stay centered in their main goal to accomplish heavenliness and annihilate underhanded. Along these lines when participation exists among the individuals from the general public, at that point prominent indecencies like assault, excessive admiration and blameless killings can't keep on raising further. This isn't an individual exertion however a basic one which requires uplifting mentality that Redcrosse is asked to have. Settled in minde all out of nowhere to win (Faerie Queene, I.210). Individuals despite everything stay to be the most fragile animal that is effortlessly attracted into underhanded. Numerous a period the vast majority have ended up on the junction, more on an inappropriate side than on its correct side, since they were enticed by others; who on account of more vulnerable force for self protection of individual qualities and excellencies needed to surrender to it. Wauchope derive a situation where Archimago attempts to isolate Redcrosse from Una through desire and trickery, which he falls into. When isolated he turns out to be incredibly feeble making it simple for Duessa to mislead him much more. It is acceptable to take note of that at whatever point truth is isolated from heavenliness, disarray result as individuals are lost in confidence. In this way in our current occasions it is basic that we keep great organizations and affiliations that can assist us with developing in confidence ,build up the ability to guard our accepts, not being effortles sly driven off track from truth and fall into the ways of malevolence by the effectively fallen. This will help improve the spirit, brain and body which thus will assist with propagating heavenliness in all sort and circles of life. Abhorrent in our general public must be killed just and just in the event that we show aggregate drive to set principles that will help our lives than obscuring it. Just when truth is clung to that we can produce an exit plan to create guidelines of ethics that each part is relied upon to follow. There is an extraordinary generally speaking insidiousness that undermines humankind, the extremely essential malice of wrongdoing. This is the mythical beast that Redcrosse massacres toward the finish of Book 1 of Faerie Queene. This adversary can be managed, through renewal in different social organizations like marriage, learning establishments, administering bodies and chapels. The Norton Anthology additionally centers around best explanation with respect to why we should change our social, monetary and political frameworks in order to have an inside and out society. In the event that we rebuild our religion, confidence and love we will have a genuine importance of heavenliness. Sacredness isn't finished without affection. Genuine affection doesn't lie in being excellent or ravishing, however it flourishes where there is truth and light in confidence. Most youngsters will in general partner excellence with affection, however in truly sense, it's anything but a characteristic temperance of adoration. Cultured love directs that the fervor and magnificence continually travel with valiant warriors who warble sentimental revelations of interests to ladies and in the end collect incredible regard through epic triumphs in the fights over numerous years. The Redcrosse knight overcomes any issues between simple men and these brave famous people and turns around the procedure of righteousness. The ideals of affection involve being earnest in generously dedications and promise to each other, not in notoriety yet in character and genuine honesty. This is the element of adoration. Jennipher Sinclair, calls attention to that being infatuated doesn't really mean sexual and passionate sentiments yet includes figuring out how best we should carry on with a highminded life loaded with deference, virtue and sacredness. Regard will include watching the code of humankind of saving life and not framing generalizations that are biased and discriminative in nature. These demonstrations are exceptionally appeared by diligent battle that exist between the Roman Catholics and the Anglican Protestants. At the point when people start to utilize religion as an instrument to loathe instead of affection one another, at that point no significant improvements can be acknowledged explicitly in the territories of blessedness. As Nelson Mandela brings up that, No one is conceived despising the other and on the off chance that an individual can figure out how to loathe, at that point he can be instructed to cherish. Love is the association of every single natural race since every pers on have blood that is red representing that we are on the whole equivalent. The Faerie Queene was proposed to show the youngsters and ladies to concentrate on building a general public that is perfect and unadulterated in its tasks. Being the most vulnerable and most baited into enticements of each residue, they should watch great sets of accepted rules. Youngsters should group perfect character and should ascend to most elevated circles of initiative and order. We are likewise an admonished about affection and appearance since adoration isn't in the excellence, thusly, trusting in the magnificence would delude and the creativity of genuine romance. Just truth and confidence can demonstrate genuine prudence and importance of adoration and battle hate.Consequentlty we are likewise urged to stay firm in our accepts and of life, since present day desire can't generally be met and satisfied, and regard through preliminaries other than physical tests, over the long haul, heavenliness beat malicious and light blinds the dim.

Nitrogen as a Fertilizer, Nutrient, or Pollutant Essay -- Nitrogen Bio

Nitrogen as a Fertilizer, Nutrient, or Pollutant Nitrogen can generally be a manure, supplement, or contamination relying upon the conditions and the earth it is in. As a manure, nitrogen can be incredibly valuable in helping the development of numerous plants. As a supplement, nitrogen is fundamental to numerous plants development and endurance. As a toxin, nitrogen can not just influence the plant at the given time however be inconvenient numerous years not far off. Regardless of where you go nitrogen will consistently be either a compost, supplement, or poison. Nitrogen can be considered as both a manure and supplement under the correct imperatives. I will utilize citrus plants as one of my models. For citrus cultivators applying nitrogen to plants is a typical and required practice. â€Å"Spring is the best an ideal opportunity to apply nitrogen to citrus. Examination has demonstrated that the interest for nitrogen in citrus is most elevated from blossom through June and the greater part of the supplemental nitrogen compost ought to be applied during this time period.† It is a significant key to plant development and advancement. Nitrogen is critical to citrus plants for ideal development and yield. Without nitrogen you can see languishing results over numerous years not far off. Citrus reacts promptly to nitrogen nourishment. Flow and past examination shows that if nitrogen is kept up in fall-tested citrus leaves somewhere in the range of 2.4 and 2.6 % on a dry-weight reason for oranges, and somewhere in the range of 2.2 and 2.4 % for lemons, a decent parity is struck between yield, size and organic product quality. The proof connecting nitrogen to puff, wrinkle, littler natural product size and recoloring exists, yet these negative impacts are generally huge at nitrogen levels more noteworthy than 2.6 % nitrogen. A few producers have diminished nitrogen applicati... ...le hurting manifests to 8 years after the fact. Nitrogen is a significant component, regardless of whether it is in water or some other structure, however whichever way it can without much of a stretch be a horrendous contamination. What class do you figure nitrogen ought to be in- - manure, supplement, or contamination? Would it be a good idea for you to consider what amount of nitrogen can enable a plant to like with natural product size or yield? Or then again would it be a good idea for you to weigh intensely on what amount of nitrogen can hurt a plant and for such an all-encompassing timeframe? There are numerous approaches to debate both of these decisions possibly in support of yet none of them are an ideal fit. Works Cited Craig Kallsen. http://cekern.ucdavis.edu/Custom Program143/Citrus Nitrogen Fertilizer.htm. Force, Sally A.; Green, Emma R.; Barker, Chris G.; Bell, J. Nigel B.; Ashmore, Mike R. Biological system recuperation: heathland reaction to a decrease in nitrogen testimony. Global Change Biology 12

The Leadership of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt

Initial 3 pages of a position paper on media globalization and social personality - Essay Example plores measurements of the idea by considering the business parts of such glocal (programs with blended worldwide and neighborhood viewpoints) and their extension for the creation organizations. By giving the arrangement of procedures attempted to Americanize the British sitcom, the paper builds up an exhaustive comprehension of different advances and contemplations to be remembered as TV goes from worldwide to neighborhood. By examining the contrasts between the two forms of a similar sitcom in detail, the paper closes the nearness of a solid nexus between Media Globalization and Cultural Identity along these lines blurring ceaselessly the misguided judgment about globalization as an exclusively homogenizing power. As indicated by Held D. in ‘Global Transformations’, â€Å"globalization is a procedure filled by, and bringing about, expanding cross-fringe streams of products, administrations, cash, individuals, data, and culture (Guillen, 2001).† In the contemporary world, all the parts of life are moved by the beguiling nearness of globalization. When appreciated as an insignificant financial wonder including the progression of products and enterprises across outskirts, the term has risen above to arrive at the trading of language, culture and media among countries (Suã ¡rez-Orozco ix). Media Globalization alludes to the worldwide reach of media which may take various structures like the web, TV and broad communications and so forth. This procedure is glocal in nature since with the worldwide components the TV likewise adjusts to certain nearby components in this manner rising as a blend of globalization and limitation (Straubhaar 130). The part of restriction in a fairly worldwide TV program is included when the makers include their emotional advantages which at last change the entire structure of the specific program. This change isn't completely a work of makers as they are significantly mixed with the asset of cash utilized by the crowd. In this manner, the crowd holds the power to modify the TV program structures as indicated by

Free Essays on Stress Management

Stress can influence anyone working anyplace. It is an individual response and can uncover itself both truly and mentally, and despite the fact that it's anything but a disease, it equipped for causing sick wellbeing. Insights show that (business related) stress influences around one out of five workers and costs organizations in the area of  £370 million consistently. So what is pressure? There are a couple of manners by which to characterize it: 1. A basic (or progressively close to home) definition â€Å"it is the thing that I think and feel when I trust I can't cope† 2. The Health and Safety Executive characterize it as â€Å"the antagonistic response individuals need to unreasonable weights, or different kinds of requests put on them† 3. A progressively specialized definition â€Å"it is a pessimistic irregularity between weights, requests and challenges and the individual’s character, practices and adapting skills†. Stress isn't something to be messed with. In addition to the fact that it costs organizations a lot of cash, it effectsly affects representatives. It is one of the most noteworthy causes behind disorder from work. An absence of thoughtfulness regarding representative prosperity has potential lawful and cost suggestions and expanding familiarity with stress is fundamental. Stress likewise has a thump on impact; one worker gets focused on, at that point bosses become badgering stressing on the off chance that they can cover the loss of work (if the representative takes wiped out leave), make up for lost time with work misfortune and bear the cost of the expenses of pressure. Notwithstanding the costs, the law requests that businesses must arrangement with business related pressure, and there is various enactment which apply: The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 The Working Times guideline 1998 The Public Order Act 1986 The Employment Rights Act 1996 The Protection from Harassment Act 1997 There are various perceived components which may prompt business related pressure. The fundamental driver of stress is by all accounts the activity itself, which can include a work over-burden... Free Essays on Stress Management Free Essays on Stress Management Stress can influence anyone working anyplace. It is an individual response and can uncover itself both genuinely and mentally, and in spite of the fact that it's anything but a disease, it fit for causing sick wellbeing. Insights show that (business related) stress influences roughly one out of five representatives and costs organizations in the district of  £370 million consistently. So what is pressure? There are a couple of manners by which to characterize it: 1. A basic (or increasingly close to home) definition â€Å"it is the thing that I think and feel when I trust I can't cope† 2. The Health and Safety Executive characterize it as â€Å"the unfavorable response individuals need to extreme weights, or different kinds of requests put on them† 3. A progressively specialized definition â€Å"it is an adverse lopsidedness between weights, requests and challenges and the individual’s character, practices and adapting skills†. Stress isn't something to be messed with. In addition to the fact that it costs organizations a lot of cash, it effectsly affects representatives. It is one of the most huge causes behind disorder from work. An absence of consideration regarding representative prosperity has potential legitimate and cost suggestions and expanding familiarity with stress is indispensable. Stress additionally has a thump on impact; one representative gets focused on, at that point businesses become hassled stressing in the event that they can cover the loss of work (if the worker takes wiped out leave), make up for lost time with work misfortune and manage the cost of the expenses of pressure. Notwithstanding the costs, the law requests that businesses must arrangement with business related pressure, and there is various enactment which apply: The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 The Working Times guideline 1998 The Public Order Act 1986 The Employment Rights Act 1996 The Protection from Harassment Act 1997 There are various perceived components which may prompt business related pressure. The fundamental driver of stress is by all accounts the activity itself, which can include a work over-burden... Free Essays on Stress Management Stress is a piece of life that everybody manages at once or another. Everybody has various degrees of stress and diverse methods for dealing with stress. As per Trevor Powell in the book Free Yourself from Harmful Stress. Stress is a positive power that empowers you to endure. A specific degree of stress is helpful and animates you to perform well. An excessive amount of pressure can weaken execution. Stress has three essential segments; these are sources, fundamental abilities, and signs or side effects. Sources are ordinary requests or significant changes throughout your life. Fundamental abilities are the assets you have for adapting to the occasions. What's more, signs or side effects are the physical and passionate side effects that show that the requests exceed your capacity to adapt. (Free Yourself from Harmful Stress-10, 11,15, and 16) Trevor Powell likewise proceeds to discuss the reasons for pressure. Wellsprings of stress can be brought about by various things, for example, losing an occupation, separate, budgetary issues, family issues, and so forth. It is uncontrollably perceived that on the off chance that you endure a few life occasion transforms you will think that its hard to adapt and you will endure more indications of stress. (Free Yourself from Harmful Stress-10, 11,15, and 16) A portion of the side effects of pressure incorporate fits of anxiety, over the top practices, despondency, low confidence, fears, rest issues, headaches, and ceaseless weariness. There are a few inquiries to pose to yourself to see whether you have pressure. A portion of these inquiries are. Do you get abrupt sentiments of dread and frenzy? Do you feel tense, anxious, or twisted up? Do you experience issues dozing? Do you feel touchy, restless, and terrible tempered? Do you feel truly run down? These are only a couple of a few inquiries. In the event that you find that you do have a pressure issue there are a few things you can do to deal with your pressure. (Free Yourself from Harmful Stress-10, 11,15, and16) Lets glance back at the side effects of pressure and how to adapt to them. Nervousness is one of the significant indications of stress.... Free Essays on Stress Management Stress Management As Perceived By Third Year And Fourth Year Flying Students Of Air Link International Aviation School Stress is basically a reality of nature powers from the outside world influencing the person. Consequently, all living animals are in a steady trade with their environmental factors (the biological system), both truly and typically. This transaction of powers, or vitality, is obviously present in the connections between all issue known to mankind, regardless of whether they are living (vitalize) or not living (lifeless). Be that as it may, there are basic contrasts in how extraordinary living animals identify with their condition. These distinctions have expansive ramifications for endurance. Due to the excess of worry in our cutting edge lives, we as a rule consider pressure a negative encounter. Be that as it may, from a natural perspective, stress can be impartial, negative, or positive. (Tri-University Winter Medical Symposium St. Petersburg, Florida March 11, 1995) Stress has driven transformative change (the turn of events and regular choice of species after some time). Therefore, the species that adjusted best to the reasons for pressure (stressors) have endure and advanced into the plant and creature realms we presently watch. Man, as a result of the advancement of the human mind, particularly the part called the neo-cortex, is the most versatile animal on earth. This versatility is to a great extent because of the progressions and stressors that we have confronted and aced. Along these lines, we, in contrast to different creatures, can live in any atmosphere or biological system, at different elevations, and maintain a strategic distance from the threat of predators. Also, most as of late, we have figured out how to live noticeable all around, under the ocean, and even in space, where no living animals that we are aware of have at any point endure. (Clinical Author: Peter J. Panzarino, Jr. M.D. F.A.P.A) In the event that we consider the reasons for pressure, the nature of the pressure reaction, and the negative impacts of certain sorts of pressure (drawn out, sudden, unmanageable), a few hea...

Indian National Congress free essay sample

These developments varied in the manners they accomplished their objectives. While China enveloped two significant political forces, India had one. Both of these developments had a main political nonentity. India met their freedom through peacefulness, while China depicted interior clash. Then again, India incorporated just one significant ideological group while China had two. The two developments raised political figures like Mao Zedong and Mahatma Gandhi. The way that India and China took towards freedom were unique. While India supported aggressor peacefulness, China lead a Civil War. India’s inclination to peacefulness was motivated by its pioneer Mahatma Gandhi. Then again, the Guomindang and Communist Party in China started guerrilla fighting. India, in contrast to China, is seen by partaking in hunger strikes and fights like â€Å"The stroll to the sea†, while China’s early severe battles lead to common agitation by the Red Army and the Guomindang. Maybe the purpose behind these contrasting ways is because of the way that India is viewed all in all attempting to liberate itself from outside impression, while China’s inner political distinction caused strife prompting a common war. We will compose a custom article test on Indian National Congress or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page These nations have various ways to accomplishing their objectives. While India just had one noticeable major ideological group, China had two. India’s party was the Indian National Congress dissimilar to China which had the Guomindang just as the Communist Party of China (CPC). While the Indian National Congress spoke to about 75% of the populace, the Chinese Guomindang and the Communist Party had part participation adding to China’s inner clash. While the solitary significant Indian National Congress concentrated on picking up freedom the two perspectives on China’s party clashed with kinds of administering. This is maybe because of the way that India was significantly brought together in religion through Hinduism while China had no focal conviction to bind together them. Not at all like one another, India had one significant ideological group while China had two.

Do You Have Normal Anxiety or a Disorder

Do You Have Normal Anxiety or a Disorder GAD Symptoms Print Do You Have Normal Anxiety or a Disorder? By Sheryl Ankrom linkedin Sheryl Ankrom is a clinical professional counselor and nationally certified clinical mental health counselor specializing in anxiety disorders. Learn about our editorial policy Sheryl Ankrom Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on February 14, 2020 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD on February 14, 2020 BSIP/UIG/Getty Images More in GAD Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Coping Anxiety is a general, unpleasant feeling of apprehension. You feel restless and you may have physical reactions such as a headache, sweating, palpitations, chest tightness, and upset stomach.?? When is anxiety normal and when is it an anxiety disorder? Virtually every human can relate to these symptoms because everyone has experienced anxiety at one time or another. Anxiety is a normal human experience. In fact, it can be a potentially beneficial response in anticipation of certain dangerous situations. The physical symptoms of anxiety are coming from your autonomic nervous system response. It is different, but related to the fear and fight or flight response. Fear is a natural reaction to a clear and present danger. Anxiety is your body anticipating potential danger or discomfort, whether physical or emotional. Anxiety Can Be Normal and Beneficial There is an infinite number of human experiences that cause normal anxiety. Life offers us the experience of many anxiety-provoking “firsts, such as a first date, the first day of school, the first time away from home. As we journey through life, there are many important life events, both good and bad, that cause varying amounts of anxiety. These events can include things such as, taking a school exam, getting married, becoming a parent, getting divorced, changing jobs, coping with illness and many others. The discomfort anxiety brings is considered normal and even beneficial. Anxiety about an upcoming test may cause you to work harder in preparing for the exam. The anxiety you feel when walking through a dark and deserted parking lot to your car will cause you to be alert and cautious of your surroundings, or better yet, get an escort to your vehicle. Anxiety Can Be a Problem While it’s pretty clear to see that anxiety is normal and even beneficial, for many people it becomes a problem. The main difference between normal anxiety and problem anxiety is between the source and the intensity of the experience.?? Normal anxiety is intermittent and is expected based on certain events or situations. Problem anxiety, on the other hand, tends to be chronic, irrational, and interferes with many life functions. Avoidance behavior, incessant worry, and concentration and memory problems may all stem from problem anxiety. These symptoms may be so intense that they cause family, work, and social difficulties. The components of problem anxiety include the physical responses to the anxiety (such as palpitations and stomach upset), distorted thoughts that become a source of excessive worry and behavioral changes affecting the usual way one lives life and interacts with others.?? Problem anxiety may lead to or reflect an anxiety disorder. The definition of generalized anxiety disorder is the presence of excessive anxiety and worry about a variety of topics, events, or activities. Worry occurs more often than not for at least six months  and is clearly excessive, along with physical and cognitive symptoms of anxiety, according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition published by the American Psychiatric Association.?? Talk to Your Doctor If you believe your anxiety is a problem, it is important to talk to your doctor. Excessive anxiety can be caused by a number of medical and psychological conditions.?? Problem anxiety has also been indicated in a variety of physical illnesses, such as heart disease, stomach problems, and pain. But, the best reason to talk to your doctor is that anxiety is controllable, and its complications are avoidable with treatment. The 7 Best Online Anxiety Support Groups

A Bout The System Of Monitoring The Software Network - 2750 Words

A Bout The System Of Monitoring The Software Network (Essay Sample) Content: NameTutorCourseDateIntrusion Detection SystemAn (IDS) is an application that uses software that is used to monitor a network so that it can detect any activity that is malicious. If a malicious activity or any form of violation is detected, the information is immediately relayed to an administrator, or it is centrally collected. The collection is done using a system called security management and information (SIEM).The SIEM system makes use of a combination of outs that come from several sources and using the techniques called alarm system to differentiate an activity that is malicious and the alarms that are false. The IDS are of different spectrum that ranges from the software for the antivirus to the systems that monitor the traffic of the whole backbone network. The two most common categories of the IDS are the network intrusion system and the intrusion system that is host-based. (Abdullah 60).Any system that monitors the necessary files for operating systems is a n example of HIDS and the System That Does the Analysis of the network traffic that is incoming is an example of NIDS.Another form of classifying IDS is through the use of the method of detection. Under this category, there are the detectors that use the signature to do the detection. They can detect and recognize the bad patterns such as the malware. The other group is the one that detects anomalies (anomaly-based detection).They can detect any deviations from the normal traffic model. They rely on the machine learning. A few NIDS can respond immediately to the intrusions that have been detected. The systems that have the ability to respond are referred to as the intrusion prevention systems (Abdullah 62).NIDS are placed at points that are strategic so that they can monitor the to and fro traffic flow of all the devices that are within the network. It analyses the who traffic that passes through the whole subnet. It then tries to match the traffic that is moving to the subnets to t he library comprising of the known attacks. The moment a behavior that is abnormal or an attack is identified, the alert will automatically be sent to the administrator. The most commonly used tools for the simulation of the NIDS are the OPNET and Netsim.The have the ability to compare signatures packets so that it create a link and then drop the harmful packets that have been detected if they have a signature that matches the library records in the NIDS.If the NIDS are classified according to the interactivity of the system, there are 2 types namely: The online which deals with the network immediately an abnormality is detected. It analyses the Ethernet packets and using the program rules that are set; it is able to decipher whether it is an attack or not. The offline DIDS deals with the data that is stored and takes it through certain processes to make a decision whether it is an attack or not.The Intrusion Prevention System (IPS)This is a technology that is used to prevent to pre vent any threats to the network. It examines how the network flows and with the aim of detecting and preventing any vulnerabilities. The vulnerability in exploits comes through the introduction of a malicious input to the application that is targeted. It prevents the inputs that are malicious which are used by hackers with the aim of gaining control of a machine. The hacker is able to render the application useless because it cannot be used if he/she manages to penetrate the system that is the target successfully. This will result in the machine or application losing its service. Sometimes, the attacker can access all the information that the application that the targeted has been compromised has. The HIDS operate on individual devices on the network. This only does the monitoring of outbound and outbound packets from only the device. It will make the user aware if anything that is suspicious is detected. If for instance, the vital files were either deleted or modified, the administ rator will be alerted to do an investigation. HIDS are commonly seen on the machines that are mission critical whose configurations are not expected to be changed. The IDS can also be made to be system specific if the custom tools are used. ( Harold and Micki 993).The IPS is placed just directly behind the fireball so that it can provide a layer of analysis that is complementary against any dangerous content. The IPS is inline and active whereby it is in the direct communication between the destination and source. It is always actively doing an analysis as it takes actions that are automatic on all the traffic flows that enter the network. The actions include the following: * Automatic sending of an alarm to the administrator * The packets that are malicious are dropped * The traffic from the source address is blocked * The connection is resetThe IPS has several methods of detecting exploits, but the main ones are the anomaly-based and the statistical one. The signature-based mode o f detection relies on the dictionary that contains the patterns that are uniquely identified. The moment an exploit is identified, its unique signature is recorded and kept in a dictionary containing signatures that are ever growing.Both systems have the following limitations: * Noise can affect the effectiveness of the IDS.Sometimes the packets that are bad that are generated by the bugs from the software can make the data to be corrupted, and the false alarm can be created by packets that escaped. * In some cases, the number of real attacks is more than the number of the false alarms created. This makes the real attacks to be either missed or ignored. * If the signature that is used in the IDS is outdated, it will be left vulnerable to the attacks.The Difference between IDS and IPSThere are so many challenges while trying to maintain the security of network that is open for the customers to use. Modern cyber attackers are so sophisticated that they can hack and stop even the best security systems that are installed by computer experts. There should be no assumption that firewalls and encryption can protect computers. Those are too basic for the modern-day hacker. Those technologies cannot prevent current attacks.Though the two have the same base, they join the network at different places, their functions are different and the problems that they solve are also different. An IDS is a system that is used to monitor and detect any activities that are incorrect, inappropriate and anomalous in the network while an IPS detects any attacks before it intrudes and takes the necessary measures to prevent it. Therefore, the main difference is that the IPS takes immediate automatic steps to ensure that the attack does not go beyond the point of intrusion thus preventing it. The system does that by releasing the packets that are malicious hence prevent the network traffic that comes from the IPS that is malicious. It is an extension of IDS because it prevents attacks afte r detecting them. The IDs monitors the network activities that are not authorized. The IDS also uses the stateful protocol analysis whereby it does a comparison of the profiles that are predetermined of the definitions that are generally accepted to detect any deviations. For full protection, it is important is important to use both systems. This is vital so that the IPS can prevent the applications against any attacks as use the IDS to fight ant-malware that may have intruded the network.How to secure your personalMobile DeviceTablets, smartphones and other mobile devices have become integral in the lives of people. This is because there are certain activities that cannot be performed without them, therefore; life will be incomplete without them. Though these devices are important, when one sends an email, a text message, banking, shopping and other mobile transactions, the users are exposed to hackers who can easily access their personal information including their bank accounts. It is vital to take precautions to secure the applications and other devices that have important information.This is important so that the privates and sensitive information is not left vulnerable. In recent years, this kind of vulnerability has increased threefold. The following are some of the steps that need to be taken so that the mobile devices are protected against the hackers: * Ensure that your mobile device is physically protected by choosing a password that is not simple for somebody to guess. Avoid the use of common words as passwords. Equally, do not use your birthday as a password or your family members name or even a pet. It is very easy for somebody to guess such names and digits, therefore, becoming vulnerable. At the same, time one should make sure that he/she does not share the password with anybody. * Set your device on the auto-lock features. One needs to set the length of time after stopping its use that it can lock itself. Five minutes is a good period. * Avoid sharing your device with other people more especially the ones that you do not trust. If it is necessary to share the device, it will be important to open more than one account and have different passwords. This will ensure the safety of your information as well as the privacy of the information that the gadget contains.However, it is important that devices like mobile phones are not shared. * In case the mobile device is lost, it is important to report immediately to the police and the service providers. It is also advisable to change the password immediately the device is lost, stolen or misplaced. * It is important to sync data on the phone to either a laptop or a desktop. In case the phone is lost or damaged, it will be easier to trace the information because of that backup system. Some systems like the Apple iCloud give automatic data encryption and backup. * It is important that all the mobile ...

Shak Box Consulting Company - Innovation and Entrepreneurship - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1758 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? SHAK BOX Consulting Company Innovation and Entrepreneurship       Contents I.Executive summary II.Mission and objectives: 1.Mission: 2.Objectives: 3.Keys to Success: III.Trends affecting business growth: a)Mobile Devices b)Higher Design and Usability Standards c)Corporate Clients Want Solid Returns on IT Investments: IV.Resource requirements: a)Company Locations and Facilities b)Services c)Service Description V.Objectives/ milestones and Timetable of goals: VI.Managerial focus: a)Management Summary: b)Organizational Structure: c)Management Team: VII.Identify marketing strategy a)The 4ps: 1.Proposed Product or Service Plan: 2.Proposed Pricing Policy: 3.Proposed Promotional Plan: 4.Place (distribution): VIII.APPENDIX . Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Shak Box Consulting Company Innovation and Entrepreneurship" essay for you Create order I. Executive summary II. Mission and objectives: 1. Mission: Shak Box aims to offer comprehensive consulting services. Shack Box will focus on providing personal and specialized services to meet each clients specific needs. 2. Objectives: To satisfy a market need to offer a full-time consulting product To develop a client base requiring a team effort, versus a sole practitioner, to satisfy client requirements 3. Keys to Success: In my opinion as the founder of this company, to keep the company in its best productivity times and to continue setting higher objective to achieve we must maintain the following : Team approach on most consulting projects A group of professionals with a broad range of specialty areas that complement each other Successful niche marketing: we intend to find and target the quality-conscious customer in the right channels, making sure that the customer will find us through aggressive marketing Uncompromising commitment to the quality of the work: that is, quality data, information and solutions III. Trends affecting business growth: Mobile Devices : as the mobile device market grows this shows us that consumers are more and more going mobile, According to the CIAs world fact book we have about 6 billion mobile devices in 2011. Moreover, we have about 2.1 billion active internet users in 2010. This trend could help the business in many ways one of the most important ways is that Shak Box can reach a very wide audience worldwide providing online business services. (Cia.gov, 2014) Higher Design and Usability Standards: According to searchenginejournal.com, design and usability are no longer a complement to your marketing strategy. Design and usability are quickly becoming an essential part of marketing efforts because if users do not like what they see they will leave. Make it easy for them to find what they are looking for with a fast loading site that is easy to navigate. In Shak Box the added value that will be delivered to the consumer is the developed mobile (Search Engine Journal, 2014) Corporate Clients Want Solid Returns on IT Investments: According to plunkettresearch.com For more than a decade, a major source of revenue for consulting firms has been information technology projects of all types. The rapid growth of the Internet, intranets, e-commerce, advanced computer networks and private data nets encouraged corporate executives to dive into IT projects, generally at immense cost. Consultants were among the major beneficiaries of these projects. However, IT investment wound down rapidly between 2001 and 2003. Today many IT consulting projects are bid on a fixed cap basis, whereby a pre-agreed fee is guaranteed to see the project through to successful completion. For the mid-term, most corporate clients will be very stingy with IT consulting budgets. Non-essential projects will be delayed until economic growth resumes and corporate profits improve. When money gets tight as it has been for 2008-2009, corporate IT executives will make the best of their existing sy stems and look for ways to cut corners when implementing new ones (plunkettresearch.com,2014) IV. Resource requirements: Entire start-up expense comes to $80000. Start-up assets required include $220000 in initial cash to handle the first few months of consulting operations as sales and accounts receivable play through the cash flow. The details are included in Table 1 below. Start-up Requirements Start-up Expenses Legal $4,000 Stationery etc. $8,000 Insurance $3,000 Rent $10,000 Computers $25,000 Servers and hosting $9,000 Website and Application platform $20,000 Other $2,000 Total Start-up Expenses $80,000 Start-up Assets Cash Required $140,000 Other Current Assets $0 Long-term Assets $0 Total Assets $140,000 Total Requirements $220,000 a) Company Locations and Facilities The initial office will be establish its headquaterters office inHamra area of Beirut, the heart of theCity. Onthe other hand, the company, which provides ONLINE/OFFLINE consulting services, must have many resource bases and selling points therefore developing small bases all over the region of the MEA and most importantly targeting immerging countries such as China, Chile, and Brazil by establishing franchises. b) Services SHAK BOX offers a list of services forbusiness owners to choose from, depending on their particular business needs. c) Service Description Start-up services include business project preparation, marketing plan, and financing search and management. Ongoing services hold business plan updates, marketing plan updates, search and procurement of IT consulting, management development, financing, e-commerce services, equipped advising, and HR advising. Shak Box is flexible, working with its clients in the fashion preferred by the customer, be it on-site, remotely, or a association of both. Shak Box typically works on a project in a team to help the customer in all areas of the business simultaneously. This allows for all parties involved to be in sync in terms of knowing the interconnections of all functional areas of the business therefore closing all the gaps. V. Objectives/ milestones and Timetable of goals: https://www.bplans.com/consulting_planning_business_plan/strategy_and_implementation_summary_fc.php https://www.bplans.com/business_development_business_plan/services_fc.php https://www.bplans.com/business_consulting_business_plan/strategy_and_implementation_summary_fc.php https://www.bplans.com/management_consulting_business_plan/strategy_and_implementation_summary_fc.php VI. Managerial focus: a) Management Summary: The management team in Shak Box consists of the entrepreneur of Shak box Ghandi Ghoussaini, due to his experience in the marketing and the management field with a BS in Management from Cardiff University and a BS in Marketing from MUBS University We will develop and nurture the company as society. We do not intend to be very hierarchical because of the globalization of the business and an influence from a very professional entrepreneur Sir Richard Branson on Mr.Ghandi Ghoussaini b) Organizational Structure: Its founder Ghandi Ghoussaini as a start up will manage Shak Box but as Shak Box grows there will be more structure to the organization, with new employees being assigned a supervisor or subordinate is a must. c) Management Team: The founder will necessarily be involved in the fulfillment of the core business proposition, providing the expertise to the clients. Later, we intend to add more partners, consultants, and sales staff. To add on that we acknowledge the fact that successful recruiting, motivation and discipline procedures are keys to the growth of the organization. Hence we intend to promote and maintain good labour relations, strong morale and high quality work per employee. VII. Identify marketing strategy a) The 4ps: 1. Proposed Product or Service Plan: As mentioned above one of the most important trends discovered is the mobile devices people are living the mobility age with a platform as an application that gives the chance to the end consumer to access his company were ever and whenever he wants As a consultancy business Shak box works in a deadline frame of work therefore if the service is not delivered in the right time the consumer will get a discount about 50 % depending on the project this discount acts like a warranty for the consumer. 2. Proposed Pricing Policy: We aim for lower costs in order to attract more customers .The lower costs will be enough to pay for the required costs but will have low revenue in the future . Looking at the current market there is a shortage of consulting companies for smaller to medium sized type of businesses.With this pricing strategy Shak Box will be able to attract more business and make up the revenue in that way. The low costs will be kept at that level for one years and once the volume of business has increased 20% the prices will be increased 15% in order to increase revenue. 3. Proposed Promotional Plan: Ways to reach our target market things we can improve: Our website and online marketing Leave behind literature when we are at a service call Direct mail Newspaper Cable TV Agreements with banks on were entrepreneurs can gethelp after they got accepted on the lon aplication or how to get accepted for a lon application for openning a new business We should be able to collect dozens of testimonialsthrough our website we willhave some written testimonials as well as audio testimonials. These audio testimonials are pretty powerful and in the future we need to collect some video testimonials for our website and other ratings on socail media such as facebook, Linked in and tweeter. 4. Place (distribution): As mentioned above Shak Box will establish located in Beirut,Hamra as a headquarters , but the company will be establishing resource bases and selling points all over the MEA region in addition to that in the near future Shak Box will establish other offices in the emerging countries such as china, Brazil, and Chile VIII. Recognition of operating and regulatory environment and proprietary needs: IX. APPENDIX SHAK BOX Balance Sheets Date 2004 2005 Assets Current assets: Cash 14,000.00 Investments Inventories Accounts receivable Pre-paid expenses 1,500.00 Other Total current assets $ 15,500.00 $ Fixed assets: computer equitpment 60,000.00 Property and equipment 200,000.00 general installation 10,000.00 Equity and other investments 400,000.00 Less accumulated depreciation (67,000.00) Net fixed assets $ 603,000.00 $ Other assets Goodwill Total other assets Total assets $ 618,500.00 $ Liabilities and owners equity Current liabilities: Accounts payable Accrued wages Accrued compensation Income taxes payable Unearned revenue Other Total current liabilities $ $ Long-term liabilities Mortgage payable Total long-term liabilities Owners equity Investment capital Accumulated retained earnings Total owners equity $ $ Total liabilities and stockholders equity $ $ Two-Year Comparative Income Statement SHAK BOX Financial statements in U.S. dollars [Current Period] [Prior Period] Increase / (Decrease) Percent Change Revenue Gross Sales 550,000 550,000 Less: Sales Returns and Allowances 14,000 14,000 Net Sales 536,000 0 536,000 Cost of Goods Sold Beginning Inventory 0 Add: Purchases 0 Freight-in 0 Direct Labor 0 Indirect Expenses 0 Inventory Available 0 0 0 Less: Ending Inventory 0 Cost of Goods Sold 0 0 0 Gross Profit (Loss) 536,000 0 536,000 Expenses Advertising 137,500 137,500 Amortization 0 Bad Debts 0 Bank Charges 0 Charitable Contributions 0 Commissions 0 Contract Labor 137,500 137,500 Depreciation 67,000 67,000 Dues and Subscriptions 0 Employee Benefit Programs 0 Insurance 1,500 1,500 Interest 0 Legal and Professional Fees 55,000 55,000 Licenses and Fees 0 Miscellaneous 0 Office Expense 6,000 6,000 Payroll Taxes 0 Postage 0 Rent 0 Repairs and Maintenance 0 Supplies 0 Telephone 10,000 10,000 Travel 0 Utilities 0 Vehicle Expenses 0 Wages 0 Total Expenses 414,500 0 414,500 Net Operating Income 121,500 0 121,500 Other Income Gain (Loss) on Sale of Assets 0 Interest Income 0 Total Other Income 0 0 0

The Emergency Provisions in India - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 3076 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Narrative essay Tags: India Essay Did you like this example? Chapter 1 Introduction- An Analysis of the Emergency Provisions in the India. It is the President who can proclaim an emergency when he receives in writing a decision of the Union Cabinet to that effect. Ours being a parliamentary system, the President could proclaim emergency only when advised by the Council of Ministers through the Prime Minister. This provision was said to have been misused by the Prime Minister, in 1975 when the President was advised to make a proclamation of emergency on the ground of disturbance. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Emergency Provisions in India" essay for you Create order In order to minimize the chances of abuse of power to declare emergency and to ensure that a proclamation of emergency is issued only after due consideration, Article 352 was amended by the Constitution (44th Amendment) Act 1978. After the 44th Amendment, it is provided that the President can make a proclamation declaring emergency only when he receives in writing the decision of the Union to this effect. Grounds for Proclamation of an emergency. A proclamation to emergency maybe made on the ground of war, external aggression or internal disturbance. The expression à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“internal disturbanceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  is too vague and wide. It may cover a minor disturbance of law and order or even a political agitation. With the view to exclude the possibility of an emergency being proclaimed on the ground of internal disturbance of any nature, minor or grave, the 44th Amendment has substituted the expression à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“internal disturbanceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  by the expression a rmed rebellion. Thus, after the 44th Amendment, a proclamation of emergency maybe issued on any of the following grounds: (a) war (b) external aggression or (c) armed rebellion. However actual occurrence of war, external aggression or armed rebellion is not a condition precedent. Such a proclamation maybe made by the President even before the actual occurrence of the above events, when the President is satisfied that there is current danger of war, external aggression or armed rebellion.[i] War: The term war may mean the existence of violent struggle between two countries through the application of armed forces. When there is a formal declaration of an attacker from one country against another there exists à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“warà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  between the two countries and the winning country dictates according to its whim. External Aggression: The expression external aggression has many definitions such as unilateral attacks with force by any one state against another s tate without formal declaration of war. Such unilateral acts of force so long as they are not answered by similar hostile acts by the other side, constitute external aggression. Publication of a Proclamation: Article 352 does not prescribe any particular mode in which a proclamation should be published in order to come into operation. According to Article 352(1) the President may make a proclamation of emergency only when he is satisfied as the existence of a threat to the security of India, or a part thereof. Thus, the question whether security of India is threatened or not lies on the subjective satisfaction of the President acting on the advice of the Cabinet. The question has arisen from time to time whether the satisfaction of the President is justifiable or not. In Bhutnath v State of West Bengal[ii] the Supreme Court refusing to hold the continuance of the emergency under Article 352 is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"voidà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. To put the matter beyond the shadow of any doubt, the Constitution (38th Amendment) Act, 1975 amended the Constitution by adding Clause 1 to Article 352 which declared that the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“satisfactionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  of the President mentioned in Article 352 shall be final conclusive and cannot be challenged in any court on any grounds. Also, it was stated that the Supreme Court will not be entertaining any question on any ground when an Emergency is declared in the state as stated in Clause (1) or the continued operation of such proclamation. The satisfaction of the President in declaring the emergency under Article 352 were thus sought to be placed beyond the ken of judicial scrutiny.[iii] In Bhut Nath[iv] that was the view taken by the Supreme Court when it was said that the proclamation of emergency was not a justiciable issue but was a political matter in substance. The amendment sought to put this judicial view in the form of a constitutional provision list the Courts might change its opinion at some future dat e. Now the 44th Amendment of the Constitution has repealed Article 352(5). The position has this restored to what it was before the 38th Amendment Act. It is therefore for the Supreme Court to decide whether it will treat the satisfaction for the President to issue a proclamation of emergency or to vary it or to conceive it as final and non judiciable or as being subject to judicial review on some grounds. Since the passage of the 44th Amendment Act of the Constitution, the question of judicial review of the President to declare or not to declare an emergency has not arisen as no emergency has been declared after 1975. In Minerva Mills[v], however Bhagwati, J., did express the view that whether the President in proclaiming the emergency under Article 352 has applied his mind, or acted outside his powers or acted malafide in proclaiming the emergency could not b excluded from the scope of judicial review. Bhagwati, J., also observed that the 38th Amendment which barred from being called into question in a court could be declared unconstitutional as being violative of the basic structure of the Constitution. Further after the Supreme Court decision in Bommai[vi] by Bhagwati, J., in Minerva Mills. [vii]held that the Constitution seeks to control the exercise of the power of proclamation of an emergency in two ways: (a) The President must act on the advice of the Central Cabinet and not in his own subjective satisfaction and not on the advice of the Prime Minister alone. Thus the effective way to declare an emergency lies in the Cabinet. (b) the democratic control over the executive power in respect of proclaiming an emergency has been strengthened in so far as parliamentary approval is necessary for the proclamation immediately after it is made and then after every 6 months.[viii] But the safeguards may prove tenuous in practice because the government enjoys the support of the majority party and the Cabinet functions on the principle of Collective res ponsibility. A strong willed Prime Minister may dominate his cabinet as well as the party and thus mobilize support for the emergency even though in effect there may be no need for the same. It appears essential that a limited judicial review of the exercise of the power to proclaim emergency remains available. This extra parliamentary check is extremely important for safeguarding democracy in the country.[ix] When a Proclamation of emergency under Article 352(1) is declared the following drastic consequences follow: (a) there is a transformation in the behavior of the Indian federalism. The normal fabric of the Centre-State relations undergoes a fundamental change. Parliament makes laws with respect to any matter in the state list and such a law operates till six months after the proclamation ceases to operate [Article 250]. It thus means that the normal peace time distribution of legislative powers is practically suspended so far as Parliament is concerned. The State legisla tures continue to function as usual and may make any law in their assigned areas viz the List II and III but Parliament becomes empowered to legislate even in the exclusive state sphere as a result of the Proclamation of emergency. Parliament can meet the emergency by any passing any law that it may regard necessary without being trammeled by the scheme of distribution of powers.[Article 250(1)] and a Central law would override a State law even with respect to a matter in the State List [Article 251]. Article 359 states during emergencies, the enforcement of the rights under Article 20 and 21 cannot be suspended. The life of a law enacted by Parliament during the proclamation of emergency ceases to operate on the expiry of six months and the normal scheme of distribution legislative powers is fully restored. [x] (b) Further the Centre becomes entitled to give directions to a state as to the manner in which it is to exercise its executive power [Article 353(a)]. Since Parliamen t can make a law even in the exclusive state field it means that the Centre can give directions even in the area normally allotted to the State. Parliament may confer powers and impose duties upon the Centre or its officers and authorities even though the law pertains to a matter not in the Union List [Article 353(b)]. a) When an emergency is declared not in the whole of India but only in a part of India, the executive power of the Centre to give directions and the power of the Parliament to make laws as mentioned above, extent not only to the State in which the territory under emergency lies, but also to any other state if and so far as the security or any part of the territory thereof is threatened by activities or in relation to the part of the territory of India in which the proclamation of Emergency is in operation[Proviso to Article 352]. This provision means that in such a case, directions may be issued by the Center to the States which are not included in the Proclamat ion of Emergency. This provision has been inserted in the Constitution in order to make emergency effective in the area where it has been imposed by restricting undesirable activities in the adjoining areas. Miscreants could not be allowed to take advantage of the fact that the Proclamation does not relate to a particular spot where such activities are for the time being, being carried on. b) While the Proclamation of emergency is in operation, the President may direct that any provision (Articles 268 to 279) relating to the distribution of revenue between the Centre and the states, subject to any changes which he thinks fit. This provision frees the Centre from its obligations to transfer revenue to the States so that its own financial capacity remains unimpaired to deal with the emergency. An order suspending distribution of revenue is to be laid in the two Houses of Parliament and it would remain in force beyond the end of the financial year whereby the proclamation of emergen cy comes to an end. c) During an emergency, Parliament can also levy any tax which ordinarily falls in the State list [Article 250]. Thus, although the State Governments continues to operate the Central Government becomes omnipotent and the normal distribution of legislatives, executive and taxing powers and the scheme of distribution of revenue between the Centre and the States are all undone so far as the Centre is concerned. The reason is that during an emergency the Centreà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s financial need becomes greater than its peace time commitments and therefore the normal financial arrangements between the Centre and the States cannot continue to function. d) As has already been pointed out, during the proclamation of an emergency the life of the Lok Sabha comes to an end, this provision enables the same to be extended for the period of emergency. e) Parliament may by law extend the life of State legislature by one year each while an emergency persist in a state , subject to a maximum period of six months after the emergency ceases to operate [Proviso to Article 172]. f)The proclamation of an emergency also effects the Fundamental Rights. Article 358 states that during an Emergency of the six freedoms guaranteed to the citizens of India by Article 19 of the Constitution would be suspended and the State can make any law or to take any executive action abridging or taking away the rights guaranteed by Article 19 of the Constitution. The first imposition of the Presidentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s rule under Article 356 came in June 1951 when the Punjab Government was superseded despite its enjoying majority support in the Assembly. The real motivation was said to have been the need to resolve internal Congress Party differences. Again, in July, 1959 the Communist Government in Kerala faced the axe even though it had the full confidence of the State Assembly. The step was necessitated to protect the democratic principles of the Constitution wh ich were believed to be violated by the Communist Government.[xi] In 1967, without losing the confidence of the Assembly, the then Haryana Government was dismissed and Presidentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s rule imposed. Large scale defections, instability of government, political corruption etc were mentioned as the grounds. The most bizarre use of Article 356 was when on a single day, on 30 April, 1977 following results of general election to Lok Sabha, as many as nine State Governments ruled by the congress were taken over by the Jananta Government in New Delhi. Similarly, following the results of mid-term elections to Lok Sabha in January, 1980, proclamations under Article 356 were again issued on 17 February in respect of nine Non-Congress ruled States. Following the demolition of Babri Masjid on 6 December, 1992, Presidentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s rule was imposed on four BJP ruled States. In Bommai [xii], the Supreme Court held the exercise of power under Article 356 was subject to jud icial review, if the Court found the imposition of Presidentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s rule unconstitutional, it could order restoration of the dismissed State Ministry and revival of the dissolved Assembly. However, in the case of Karnataka and some other States where fresh elections had taken place and new governments formed, the Court did not order restoration of the old Assembly and Government, even though the proclamation was found to be unconstitutional. In the case of BJP states, proclamation was held to be unconstitutional on the ground that secularism was a basic feature of the Constitution and any government that acts against principal of secularism violates the Constitution and Article 356 can be invoked against it. In 1999, Presidentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s rule was imposed in Bihar under Article 356 on the grounds of serious failure of law and order. The BJP led Union government could get the proclamation approved by the Lok Sabha but failed in the Congress majority Rajya Sabha. The proclamation had to be revoked and Bihar government restored.[xiii] In the years 1997 and 1998, the Union Government headed by Gujral and Vajpayee respectively, advised the President to take over the administration of U.P. and Bihar on grounds like corruption, bad government, failure of law and order, spread of violence, defections and crime even though both the State Governments enjoyed the confidence of the their respective houses. The Union Cabinet reiterated its advice and the President accepted it. Presidentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s rule under Article 356 was proclaimed in U.P. on 9 March, 2002 on the ground that the public verdict in the general election was fragmented and no party was able to satisfy the governor of a stable majority. The most recent controversies were the developments in the three States of Goa, Jharkhand and Bihar, 2005. The Supreme Court had declared the unconstitutionality of the dissolution of the Bihar Assembly while simultaneously allowing the election process for a new Assembly to continue.[xiv] Also on 28 February, 2014 an Emergency was declared in Andhra Pradesh, when the Indian Parliament passed the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Bill, which was meant to carve out a separate Telangana state. Also on 14 February, 2014 in Delhi Presidentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Rule was imposed when Arvind Kejiriwal resigned as Chief Minister after failing to table the Jan Lokpal Bill in the Delhi Assembly. Article 355 imposes a twofold duty on the Centre to protect every state against external aggression and internal disturbance and to ensure that the Government of every state is carried on in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution. Article 360 states that when the President is satisfied that situation has arisen whereby the financial stability or credit of India or part of the territory thereof is threatened, he may make a declaration to that effect. The 44th Amendment makes Article 360 self contained. Such a Proclamation can be revoked or varied by the President by a subsequent Proclamation. But if the Lok Sabha is dissolved during that period of two months and resolution is approved by the Rajya Sabha, but not approved by the Lok Sabha the Proclamation shall cease to operate at the expiry of the thirty days a resolution approved by the Lok Sabha is passed by the Lok Sabha.[xv] During the period when such a proclamation is in operation, the executive power of the Central government shall extend to giving directions to any State specified in the direction and deemed necessary by the President for maintaining financial stability and the credit of the state. Such direction may include reduction of salaries and allowances including the judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts. The period of financial emergency will be in operation for two months and unless approved by President, it shall end at the expiry of the two months period. The Constitution of India is unique in respect that it contains a complete scheme for speedy readjustment of the peace time governmental machinery in movements of natural peril. The provisions may appear to be particularly in a Constitution which professes to be built upon an edifice of fundamental rights and democracy. But the provisions must be must be studied in the light of Indiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s past history. India had her past glorious days whenever the Central power grew weak. It is far well that the Constitution guards against the forces of disintegration. Events may take place threatening the very existence of the State and if there are no safeguards against such eventualities, the State together with all that is desired to remain basic and innumerable will be swept away. ENDNOTES [i] Professor Narendra Kumar, Eight Edition, 2011, Constitutional a Law of India, Pages 972-973. [ii] Bhutnath v State of West Bengal, 1974 AIR 806, 1974 SCR (3) 315. [iii] Professor Narendra Kumar, Eight Edition, 2011, Constitutional a Law of India, Pages 975. [iv] Minerva Mills v Union of India Ors, 1980 AIR 1789, 1981 SCR(1)226. [v] S.R.Bommai v Union of India, 1994 AIR 1918. [vi] S.R.Bommai v Union of India, 1994 AIR 1918. [vii]Minerva Mills v Union of India Ors, 1980 AIR 1789, 1981 SCR(1)226. [viii] T.K.Tope , Constitutional Law of India, Third Edition, p. 1028. [ix] T.K.Tope , Constitutional Law of India, Third Edition, p. 1029. [x] T.K.Tope , Constitutional Law of India, Third Edition, p. 1029. [xi] S.R.Bommai v Union of India, 1994 AIR 1918. [xii] S.R.Bommai v Union of India, 1994 AIR 1918. [xiii] Dr.Subhash C. Kashyap, Constitutional Law of India, Article 226A-End, Evaluation, Review and Reforms. Volume 2, p.2228. [xiv] Dr.Subhash C. Kashyap, Constitutional Law of India, Article 226A-End, Evaluation, Review and Reforms. Volume 2, p.2229. [xv] Dr.J.N.Pandey, The Constitutional Law of India, 49th Edition, 2012, p775-778.

Healthcare and the Homeless Geriatric Population - 738 Words

INTRODUCTION Within today’s constant debate on healthcare reform, lies a group of people who often go unnoticed: America’s homeless. For a long time, the homeless were amongst some of the very few who did not qualify for quality healthcare services. The new Obama Administration has established funding and programs that allot Americans free health care, however, not all are aware of how to receive these services. Most homeless individuals are not even aware that they have been made available. This research proposal will discuss 1) the issues concerning the homeless population and their health; 2) the reasons behind the homeless lacking proper knowledge regarding these changes and 3) the necessary accommodations that are needed to better acclimate and educate the homeless population on these changes. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Most of the homeless includes a population of elders aging between 50 and over. 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Because dementia as a condition with multifaceted symptomology manifested by advancing overall decline of cognitive ability, it causes severe and distinctive barriers to pain assessment and pain management in this subpopulation. The existence of multiple comorbidities, polypharmacy and the decliningRead MoreMock Strategic Plan For California Hospital Medical Center Essay3834 Words   |  16 PagesCalifornia Hospital Medical Center b) California hospital medical center (CHMC) is a member of Dignity health, a California based not-for-profit corporation located in California. Founded in 1986 by the Sisters of Mercy under the name Catholic Healthcare West, Dignity health operates hospitals and ancillary services in seventeen different states and it is the fifth largest health system in the nation. CHMC, is located in the South Park district of downtown Los Angeles. It serves the South CentralRead MoreThe Effects Of Effectual Daily Prayer On Mental Health5652 Words   |  23 Pages Contact: Diane.Bethmann@my.chamberlain.edu or Jwood@chamberlain.edu. Abstract The implementation of the Affordable Care Act has allowed numerous Americans to receive much-needed healthcare, but numerous gaps in mental health still remain. The baseline measure of adults who self report good or better mental health is 79.1%; the target objective is to increase the amount of adults who self report good or better mental health from 79Read MoreExploring the Relationship Between Physical Health and Mental Health for the Person with Dementia.5918 Words   |  24 Pagesperson with dementia and their family carers. The importance of having a focus on both physical health and healthy living will be discussed, and reflections of this being an area which is often neglected by health care professionals and the wider population as a whole will be made. Finally, a rationale for supporting a more holistic approach to the care and support of the person with a diagnosis of dementia will be presented and an overview of how this has been included within my own practice area

Should The Waste Of Class Time Doing Things - 1396 Words

As a college freshman, I sit in lectures and labs almost everyday and I look around at my fellow peers and see how many of them have their computers out. I notice that their faces are staring blankly into a laptop screen and as we are in a lecture I am completely confused. Shouldn’t they be paying attention to what is going on? We pay so much money to go to colleges and I look at some of the computer screens and see that they are not even taking notes or are on anything related to what we are doing in class. I asked some of my friends that go to other colleges and they say that they see the same thing. Why even go to class if you are not going to pay attention to the professor or what we are learning? Why waste in class time doing things that are not related to the class? We all know technology is changing everyday. As laptops are becoming more popular in today s society, especially in a college classroom setting, professors have noticed more and more students with their faces engaged on the computer screen and not the lecture. There have been recent studies that show in classroom use of laptops can affect students and their learning. Ultimately, it is up to the professor if laptops should be banned in the classroom, but it is the student s responsibility to take control of their own education. All the evidence supports that using laptops in class does inhibit the learning of students. Anyone can agree that when they go on the internet or computer to do a specific taskShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Leisure Class1176 Words   |  5 PagesTheory of The Leisure Class. New York: The Macmillan Company. Authors Purpose Thorstein Veblen initiated a new approach to economic theory that took account of evolving social and institutional contexts and considered their human implications. 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Technology is often changing our lives to make things easier and better for them.Then at the same time is keeping their families and friends away from them. †More humans are changing their way of thinking and they use more technology human will be realize technology is destroying human way of doing things alone.† Other thing that changing humanRead MoreA Report On The Time Essay1286 Words   |  6 PagesFor myself and the 99 percent of students that think that the 20 minutes of form time is a wearying waste of time, we spend crucial minutes anxiously watching the clock. During the 5 years at high school at Burnside, students, teachers, and support staff will waste 10.9 days sitting around aimlessly in cold, damp, half empty form room classes. We need to rid ourselves of our toxic friend and break through the prehistoric education barriers. 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The Role of Local Culture and Context in English Language Teaching Free Essays

string(145) " states that the target language culture should be taught in ELT in order to help learners to acculturate into the culture of English countries\." The Role of Local Culture and Context in English Language Teaching -Mabindra Regmi The Relation between Language and Culture The structuralists portrayed language as an entity that could be segmented and through learning these segments, the totality would also be learnt. This method has been tested, challenged and in many cases discarded in the world of linguistics. The conception, propagation and inevitable discontinuation of ever new methods has prompted Sowden to express â€Å"there has indeed been methodological fatigue, leading many to the pragmatic conclusion that informed eclecticism offers the best approach for the future. We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Local Culture and Context in English Language Teaching or any similar topic only for you Order Now (Sowden, 2007, p. 304). Perhaps, eclecticism is the right trend while implementing ELT methods. One of the factors that should be considered, however, is that there seems to be a deep connection between language and culture unlike the belief of the structuralists. The concept of language teaching now is that of concentration in what the learners learn or want to learn rather that what is to be taught. As the classrooms get more learner-centered, it can be assumed that the attitude and the initiatives from the learners’ side will be more prominent. Since a person is shaped by ones culture and local setting, we can assume that the importance of cultural context in language teaching will grow as learning becomes more learner centered. It is in conjunction with this shift of emphasis away from teaching and towards learning, that there has appeared a growing awareness of the role played by culture in the classroom. (Sowden C, 2007, p. 304) It is not only the learners that come with their own culture in the classroom, the teachers also bring their own culture. This is particularly true if the language teacher is not from the locality. Sowden warns the teacher â€Å"to be aware not only of the cultures of their students and their environment, but also of the cultures that they themselves bring to the classroom† (Sowden, 2007, p. 305). Thus, it can be seen, however inconclusive, that culture of both the teacher and learner plays an important role in the language learning environment and they have to be addressed for effective learning to take place. This intricate mutual relationship between language and culture may be the key to unlock the language teaching methodologies of the future. Whenever we talk about anguage and its use, it is important to figure out the relation between language and culture. There are few things we need to ask ourselves in this regard. Can language exist independent of culture? Is learning a new language (English) definitive of learning the culture of native speakers of English? Who are the native speakers of English? Will the culture of the native speakers be appropriate in the set ting of the language learner? Can language exist independent of culture? A language cannot exist in vacuum. It has to express some objective function when utterances are made or some text is written. When we do make use of language, the production made is generally about what we know or what we have experienced. What we know and experience mostly confines within the local setting that we have grown up and where we are residing. Thus, local context becomes inseparable from the use of language. Is learning a new language (English) definitive of learning the culture of native speakers of English? When we learn a new language, we need to adopt the culture of the target language to a certain extent because the cultural aspect comes amalgamated with the target language. But what about the learners? The learners have their own set of cultural experiences and objectives of using a language. They have their own cultural amalgamation which has to be addressed during target language learning process to make it meaningful and relevant to the learners. We can assume that integration of local culture and context is inevitable while learning a target language. Who are the native speakers of English? The distinction that makes a native speaker is generally very vague and often misleading. It might be important to look into the terminology if we are to explain what English is. A dictionary definition might say that native is belonging to a certain geographic location. In the case of English we must consider the fact that it is spoken in many parts of the world and more and more people are adopting it as the first language of communication. In this setting we must consider the appropriateness of calling certain speakers native and others not. Furthermore, even within the native speakers we find many varieties as in the British English, American English, Australian English, or South African English. If the English language is to be made a ruly global one, one must leave the notion of ‘native speakers’ behind. Will the culture of the native speakers be appropriate in the setting of the language learner? The culture and context of the learner and the native user of English may differ very contrastively. The traditional native speakers of English have their own cultural and contextual setting and it creeps into the language that they use. It should not be surprising thus, that the English used in non-native setting has the purpose of academia without much cultural interference. But can English have the same purpose if it were to only transfer the cultural and contextual nature of the target language? In order to make English learning a holistic experience, it is important that culture and local context are integrated so the learner has a more comprehensive grasp of the language. Different Views Regarding the Role of Culture in Language Class Different people have expressed their opinions regarding the role of culture in language class. Phyak, P has collected four such opinions from various personnel in his article integrating local culture in the EFL context of Nepal: An ignored agenda? The first view expressed by Byram and Flemming (Byram, 1997; Byram and Fleming, 1998) states that the target language culture should be taught in ELT in order to help learners to acculturate into the culture of English countries. You read "The Role of Local Culture and Context in English Language Teaching" in category "Essay examples" The second view expressed by Karchu, Nelson and Canagaraja (Kachru, 1986; Kachru and Nelson, 1996; Canagarajah, 1999) opines that there is no need of teaching target culture especially in the contexts where different institutionalised varieties of English are in practice. Similarly, the third view by Kramsch and Sullivan (Kramsch and Sullivan, 1996) states plainly that ‘local culture’ in TEFL should be taught. Finally, the fourth view by Alptekin, Jenkins and Seidlhofer (Alptekin, 2005; Jenkins, 2005; Seidlhofer, 2001) says that since English is a lingua franca, it should be taught in a culture-free context. In the same article Phyak gives a fifth opinion regarding the use of culture in language class by assimilating the highlights of the above opinions where he advises the teachers to use both target and native cultures with priority to local culture (Phyak, P). Whatever the views of applied linguists all over the world, we cannot disregard two core realities. The first is that while learning a second language, the influence of the culture of that language is inevitable. The second fact is that the learner of second language comes equipped with the culture of the first language. If no association is made between the culture of the first language and the learning of the second one, the learning will not be as effective. Therefore, inclusion of local culture and context should be more prominent in the initial phases and gradually gear more towards the target culture so that the integration is seamless in the end and language skill transition is more comprehensive. English as an International Language Hegemony of English language is a global phenomenon and the onset of modern technology, the computer; and as the choice language of the academia will further strengthen it. Eventually, the spread of English will probably be the root cause for disappearance of majority of world languages. Having said that, one must accommodate the fact that the use of English in international communication is increasing, and thus, it is gaining momentum as being an international language. The rise of English as an international language has created many concerns among the laymen, experts, anglophiles and chauvinists alike. The concerns can be divided into two factions. The first leads us towards convergence of all world languages into one giant English language. Because of the advent of printing, and more recently, media; languages, specifically English; are being standardized so that there is uniformity in the manner we write and speak. Many believe this to be a positive step towards world unification. There may be advantages to uniformity, but the question is; does it outweigh the disadvantages that it might bring in the form of ‘language death’ as expressed by David Crystal or loss of identity? The other faction is made up of personnel who are asking this very question. The prominence of English might be an indicator of decline of other languages. When a language is lost, it is not only the means of communication that is lost with it. There are contextual and cultural associations with languages, and in addition; it also forms the corpora of accumulated knowledge of a community. All this will also be lost with the dying language. Moreover, there is a strong affinity of the language with the identity of a person or a community. Although English may provide with alternate identity, as shall be discussed later in this paper, the primary form of identity shall be lost, especially if the learning of English is subtractive in terms of the first language. Discrepancies aside, internationalization of English is inevitable. The question now remains is how we are going to bring about policies for other languages that are in existence. In order to understand why English is fast becoming a global language, we must try and analyze why is it important for us to learn English. There are many reasons why an individual would want to learn English. i. English may be a factor for obtaining better employment opportunities. ii. English is the medium of communication for business, recreation and competitive tournaments. iii. English is almost mandatory for learners pursuing higher academic achievements and publishing of one’s findings. iv. The knowledge of English may provide higher social standing or identity in many cases. We can see that English language empowers a person both in terms of social and material power. Thus we can see the attraction towards learning English. The choices that the language communities have is either to have subtractive learning of English and forget one’s own linguistic heritage, as is happening mostly in developing countries like Nepal; or to make the learning process additive by retaining one’s own language intact. It can be assumed that the later alternative is more acceptable. The reason for the long windedness of the explanation above brings us back to the core discussion of this paper: local context and culture in teaching or learning English. Now as we have made a huge circle from the inevitable internationalization of English to the better alternate of additive learning of English; it is time to ponder over how we are going to teach English language. English Language, Local Culture and Social Identity If we want to have mastery over English language, then I believe we must find a way to make the language practical to its learners. Just reading the literature of the language or using the language in stereotype British or American cultural setting will not hold much significance to the learner of English as a foreign language. What needs to be done is to bring about association between the language being learnt and the experience of the learners. This will provide platform for practicality of the language being learnt. In order to understand why local context and local culture must be integrated into teaching of English language, we must also be familiar with how culture and local context plays a role in language learning. Culture and Language Reflect each other The common notion regarding the purpose of language learning has been related to communication. Because of the researches done in sociolinguistics and discourse, we should consider the fact that language is not only ‘understanding’ what the other person is expressing but it is also necessary that we understand the text at a discourse level where cultural and individual background conveys deeper meaning to the language items used. Language is not only communicating with words but we have deep rooted cultural and contextual schemata and frames which are reflected in the language that we use. Thus it is important to analyze the meaning of discourse at cultural and contextual level. The reason that we should consider the Frame and Schema theories of discourse analysis when talking about the language is that if we are not able to express or comprehend the schema created through cultural setting, only understanding the text in communication will not be able to justify the meaning that should have been understood. Only through associating and integrating the language that we are trying to learn (English) into social and cultural setting shall we be able to exploit the nuances of the expression made in a language. Englebert believes that there is a cultural variation between the learner and the language and that the â€Å"teacher hosting foreign students must come to terms with the fact that those students are immersed in a culture with which they are not familiar, and that they bring with them not only their limited knowledge of the language, but a myriad of assumptions based on generations of cultural indoctrination†. (Englebert, 2004). These assumptions based on â€Å"cultural indoctrination† are at the core of schema of the learner. Not only the culture of the target language but even the prescribed packaged methodology might create confusion in teaching English as a foreign language. In her study among the Asian students studying in New Zealand, Li found that â€Å"the interactive teaching methods adopted by New Zealand teachers are culturally incompatible with Asian students’ learning conceptualizations. The findings suggest that some teachers’ adoption of the communicative or interactive teaching approach led to Asian students’ negative learning experience in New Zealand† (Li, 2004). This shows that the cultural background and the mindset of the learner should be considered while teaching English. Subsequently, it also indicates the integration of local context and culture of the learner for smoother and more effective teaching learning experience. If the learner of English is only familiar with her own experience based on her own cultural and local setting, trying to incorporate a different language with a different setting will make it literally ‘foreign’. The ‘foreignness’ can be significantly eliminated if local context and culture of the learner is being used in the target language. Thus integrating the cultural and contextual setting in language learning will be important. English Language and Social Identity Bonny Norton has explained that in the current social situation, English language helps create a more powerful identity for the individuals because of the advantages associated with the proficiency of English Language (Norton, 2007). She further explains that construction of identity through learning English are complex and dynamic. The five examples that she has taken in her article all give different perspectives people have for English language based on their cultural and contextual backgrounds. If individuals from different social and ethnical backgrounds have different concepts about how English should be taught and learnt, then we can assume that it is the experience of the learner that is influencing such perspectives. An individual is the product of the local culture and context, so we cannot ignore the importance of inclusion of local context and culture in English pedagogy. Norton recommends that we should not overlook the focus on individual account while teaching English. She further explains that the researches on language teaching and identity is fragmented and it has to be made more organized, and if English belongs to the people who speak it, expansion of English in this Global era is better (Norton, 2007). Inclusion of Local Context and Culture in ELT in Nepal Along with the gathering momentum of inclusion of local culture and context in language teaching across the world, an initiative has been started in Nepal where linguists and social activists are advocating for inclusion of local context and culture, namely, ethnic languages in mainstream education. Alongside with this initiative there are many linguists and teachers of English language who are advocating for inclusion of local context and culture in English Language Teaching. The problem that the Nepali society is facing is how to bring about the implementation of such content and context in English language. Looking at the coursebooks and educational materials, it is evident that the English teaching is heavily influenced by the culture of target language users. Although some content and stories seem that they have local context, but the exercises that follow again reflect to the target language culture. On the other hand, the teachers are also imparted trainings and education aligning with the target language culture. In this ambience, it will be difficult to implement inclusive local content and culture while teaching of English. In order to overcome this impasse, some measures can be taken so that there is a momentum towards progressive implementation of the discussed issue. First, the language policy makers and the educators of the country need to come together to make a master plan on how to develop materials, train teachers and set objectives on inclusion of local culture and context in ELT. Only when a concrete set of objectives and a clear vision of the implementational procedures have been codified, the initiative can move forward. Second, there has to be a mass drive for collection of local content in the form of stories, poems, articles and the like which also reflects local culture. The content corpus has to be exhaustive so that all the major aspects that need to be covered are covered. Agencies like Nepal English Language Teachers’ Association, NELTA, can be instrumental in taking the necessary initiatives. It is wise to include people from different academic, professional, age group, ethnic, gender, and geographical backgrounds to make the corpus comprehensive and complete. Third, the gathered content has to be carefully cataloged, edited and selected for practical use. There may be many ways by which the content can be used. The content can be an integrated one where a little of everything is included, or it might also be ethnic or locality specific where different communities make use of different relevant parts of the corpus. The fourth, which might also be the most important, is to enable the teacher of English to believe that local content and context is not only necessary but is the most effective way of teaching or learning a language. The teacher should also have autonomy to develop content from her own locality adjusting to the need of the learners there. Perhaps the most difficult part of this endeavor will be to discard the prevalent target culture based content in favor of local culture based one. But once the importance is felt and the initiative commenced, language learning process will take a meaningful and applicable turn. The learners then will not be learning English in vacuum but they can associate their own life experiences to the language being learnt. Finally, a monitoring and evaluation mechanism should be developed in order to judge how successful the implementation of the initiative has been. The monitoring and evaluating body can also make necessary changes in the whole process as the problems arise. Association and Comprehension through Local Context in ELT If there is association between the local context and culture, and English Language teaching; the learners might benefit in many different ways. As Lengkanawati states â€Å"we can conclude that the choice and the intensity of using language learning strategies is influenced by many factors, one of which is the students’ cultural background† (Lengkanawati, 2004), the association of local culture and English language teaching might help the learner build better learning strategies. It will lead the learner to grasp deeper meaning of the target language and use it efficiently and productively. Moreover, the differences that lie within the variations of English will make the learner appreciate that context and culture are essential for language learning. All this will lead to a global culture where one retains her native culture while learning that of the target language and thus of the whole world. We have discussed previously about the nature of association between language and culture. In addition, we also discussed about the emergence of English as an international language and the advantages of learning it. Then we went on to how local context and culture can be integrated into teaching English in Nepal. Now, we shall focus on advantages there might be in integrating local context and culture while teaching English in three different stages. The association of local context and culture can be done in three levels: using local context and culture while learning English, Using the context and culture of the target language, and integrating the two cultures to create multicultural or global comprehension. 1. Using the local cultural and contextual setting while learning English. Using local context and culture will enable the learners to grasp the deeper meaning of English because they can associate the cultural and contextual meaning that they are familiar with. In Barfield and Uzarski’s findings, â€Å"the classroom observation showed that students in pair and group works were more interactive when they had to discuss on their local cultures than when they had to discuss on different stories or texts which they were not familiar with. † Contextualization will further enable the learner to be proficient in the language at a faster pace. The learner will understand how a different language is not very different from one’s own. This methodology needs to be applied on the learners at least at the beginning. The learners must be given ample opportunities to interact in the target language. This is only possible if the content that is being used is related to local context or culture. If target language culture is given as a topic of interaction, the learners may have nothing to contribute and will be less willing to proceed further. 2. Using the culture and context of the target language The users of the target language are varied. There is no single context or culture that defines a language like English. Therefore, it will be difficult to identify the target culture when we talk of English. This also indicates that even within the same language there is influence of local context and culture. This will make the learner understand that the language is not entirely free from the culture and context of a community. For example, we can take metro English that the Londoners’ use. It is very different from the traditional Standard or BBC English that we learn in Nepal or the other parts of the world. Sometimes there is a discrepancy in lexical meanings and pronunciation too. A pavement for the British might be sidewalk for the Americans. A mate is a friend in Australia and spouse in England. The fact that even among the native speakers of English in different countries the linguistic items have different meanings will enable the learners to realize that culture or local context is the key factor in using and understanding a language. It will also give an insight that language is culture and context specific and not medium specific. To clarify this statement we can safely assume that the people coming from same cultural and contextual setting will share more meanings than people from cross-culture sharing the same language. This demarcation will be of vital importance because the learner will be able to comprehend that to understand a person is not only understanding the language but understanding the local context and culture as well. It will further inspire the learners of English to be familiar with different cultural settings of the people that use the language. This kind of interpretation of language should be carried out at intermediate and advanced levels where the learners have been made familiar of the inclusion of their own cultural and local contexts while learning English. 3. The emergence of a Global culture When more and more people start becoming familiar with the local culture and context of more and more places, then a common, integrated culture will emerge. This is the Global phenomenon that has been extensively discussed in every sphere of modern human civilization. This global concept of the language and cross-cultural integration should be the ultimate outcome of language learning. When we are able to identify issues of global importance and contribute to it in a local way, then we will be adherent to the post-modernist maxim of â€Å"think globally, act locally†. This is a concept that might be difficult to understand for many learners. There is also a paradox of going local to harbor a global outlook. This in turn complicates the nature of language that we use in the modern world. The learners of languages, and specifically of dominant language like English, should consider the integration of local context and language. Considering the complexity of the process and inputs, learners of the tertiary level of English should be taught at this comprehensive level. Assimilation of Various Cultures for Global Interpretation Barfield and Uzarski have a very interesting notion regarding language integration when they opine that even if an indigenous language is lost, which is happening at an alarming rate all over the world, through integration it can be preserved within another language like English. Interestingly, despite the loss or future loss of an indigenous language, the â€Å"roots† of that indigenous culture can be preserved through the learning of another language, such as English. (Barfield and Uzarski, 2009) This is one notion that can be construed as positive aspect of assimilation of local culture into a Global one. Even though we might have strong opinions regarding local languages and cultures that we have inherited, and feel strongly towards dominance and ultimate displacement that a language like English will do to other local languages, the only way to actually save a part of the culture and local form of language might be through English. In order to achieve this, it would be important to integrate local context and culture in teaching languages like English. On the other hand, because English is fast becoming the lingua franca of the world, there should also be a global ownership of the language. If we consider only one of the cultures of the native speakers then the globalization of the language will not be possible. In order to truly make a language like English a global one, and for all the cultures to feel that they are also a part of this global phenomenon, integration of local culture and context is important. So, at the end, every individual language community can feel the ownership of global English through integration and assimilation. Contrastively, the cultural and local contexts of societies that use English language are varied and it would be impossible to integrate everything about all the cultures. To make it comprehensible in the global arena, we should find out commonalities that exist in all the cultures and localities across the world and try to establish a common contextual and cultural condition for the language to evolve into a Global Language. Such understanding and cohesion will provide â€Å"the abilities to perform effectively and appropriately with members of another language-culture background on their terms† (Barfield and Uzarski, 2009). Conclusion This article has assumed certain developments in English language based on current global trends. It has assumed that English is fast becoming a global language and it will become more so in the future. It has also assumed that the local languages will decline and decay in the face of English as their adversary. Considering these base assumptions, the article has provided insight into understanding the importance of English language and equal importance of using local context and culture while teaching English. In conclusion, we can reaffirm the essence of the whole discussion in the following manner: first, we need to understand that we use English as a method of communication and this language is fast becoming a global anguage. Because we use it in our communication, the language cannot be excluded from the local context and culture because they are what we are likely to be communicating about. There may be differences in opinions regarding how or if local context and culture should be used in teaching English, but it is essential that we integrate local context and culture. Se cond, use of local context and culture in teaching English will depend on the nature of the local setting. Same system may not be applicable in all communities. Therefore, how the integration is to be done should be tailored to suit the needs of a particular community or a country. In case of Nepal, this can initiate with development of content corpus based on multilingual communities existing in the country and making a broad plan on what and how to integrate the content thus collected and selected. Third, the use of local context and culture can be done following a procedural format where local context and culture can be given more priority in the earlier stages of learning English language. Slowly, learning of the culture and context of the target language is to be achieved for more comprehensive understanding. When integration is done among various communities and language groups, then English will emerge as a true global language with global ownership. Finally, we should also consider the possibility that many present languages of the world might one day die. And the only possibility of its context and culture to be passed on may be through integration into a dominant language like English. All these expositions make the use of local context and culture in English Language Teaching a necessity. How to cite The Role of Local Culture and Context in English Language Teaching, Essay examples