Indian National Congress free essay sample

These developments varied in the manners they accomplished their objectives. While China enveloped two significant political forces, India had one. Both of these developments had a main political nonentity. India met their freedom through peacefulness, while China depicted interior clash. Then again, India incorporated just one significant ideological group while China had two. The two developments raised political figures like Mao Zedong and Mahatma Gandhi. The way that India and China took towards freedom were unique. While India supported aggressor peacefulness, China lead a Civil War. India’s inclination to peacefulness was motivated by its pioneer Mahatma Gandhi. Then again, the Guomindang and Communist Party in China started guerrilla fighting. India, in contrast to China, is seen by partaking in hunger strikes and fights like â€Å"The stroll to the sea†, while China’s early severe battles lead to common agitation by the Red Army and the Guomindang. Maybe the purpose behind these contrasting ways is because of the way that India is viewed all in all attempting to liberate itself from outside impression, while China’s inner political distinction caused strife prompting a common war. We will compose a custom article test on Indian National Congress or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page These nations have various ways to accomplishing their objectives. While India just had one noticeable major ideological group, China had two. India’s party was the Indian National Congress dissimilar to China which had the Guomindang just as the Communist Party of China (CPC). While the Indian National Congress spoke to about 75% of the populace, the Chinese Guomindang and the Communist Party had part participation adding to China’s inner clash. While the solitary significant Indian National Congress concentrated on picking up freedom the two perspectives on China’s party clashed with kinds of administering. This is maybe because of the way that India was significantly brought together in religion through Hinduism while China had no focal conviction to bind together them. Not at all like one another, India had one significant ideological group while China had two.

Do You Have Normal Anxiety or a Disorder

Do You Have Normal Anxiety or a Disorder GAD Symptoms Print Do You Have Normal Anxiety or a Disorder? By Sheryl Ankrom linkedin Sheryl Ankrom is a clinical professional counselor and nationally certified clinical mental health counselor specializing in anxiety disorders. Learn about our editorial policy Sheryl Ankrom Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on February 14, 2020 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD on February 14, 2020 BSIP/UIG/Getty Images More in GAD Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Coping Anxiety is a general, unpleasant feeling of apprehension. You feel restless and you may have physical reactions such as a headache, sweating, palpitations, chest tightness, and upset stomach.?? When is anxiety normal and when is it an anxiety disorder? Virtually every human can relate to these symptoms because everyone has experienced anxiety at one time or another. Anxiety is a normal human experience. In fact, it can be a potentially beneficial response in anticipation of certain dangerous situations. The physical symptoms of anxiety are coming from your autonomic nervous system response. It is different, but related to the fear and fight or flight response. Fear is a natural reaction to a clear and present danger. Anxiety is your body anticipating potential danger or discomfort, whether physical or emotional. Anxiety Can Be Normal and Beneficial There is an infinite number of human experiences that cause normal anxiety. Life offers us the experience of many anxiety-provoking “firsts, such as a first date, the first day of school, the first time away from home. As we journey through life, there are many important life events, both good and bad, that cause varying amounts of anxiety. These events can include things such as, taking a school exam, getting married, becoming a parent, getting divorced, changing jobs, coping with illness and many others. The discomfort anxiety brings is considered normal and even beneficial. Anxiety about an upcoming test may cause you to work harder in preparing for the exam. The anxiety you feel when walking through a dark and deserted parking lot to your car will cause you to be alert and cautious of your surroundings, or better yet, get an escort to your vehicle. Anxiety Can Be a Problem While it’s pretty clear to see that anxiety is normal and even beneficial, for many people it becomes a problem. The main difference between normal anxiety and problem anxiety is between the source and the intensity of the experience.?? Normal anxiety is intermittent and is expected based on certain events or situations. Problem anxiety, on the other hand, tends to be chronic, irrational, and interferes with many life functions. Avoidance behavior, incessant worry, and concentration and memory problems may all stem from problem anxiety. These symptoms may be so intense that they cause family, work, and social difficulties. The components of problem anxiety include the physical responses to the anxiety (such as palpitations and stomach upset), distorted thoughts that become a source of excessive worry and behavioral changes affecting the usual way one lives life and interacts with others.?? Problem anxiety may lead to or reflect an anxiety disorder. The definition of generalized anxiety disorder is the presence of excessive anxiety and worry about a variety of topics, events, or activities. Worry occurs more often than not for at least six months  and is clearly excessive, along with physical and cognitive symptoms of anxiety, according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition published by the American Psychiatric Association.?? Talk to Your Doctor If you believe your anxiety is a problem, it is important to talk to your doctor. Excessive anxiety can be caused by a number of medical and psychological conditions.?? Problem anxiety has also been indicated in a variety of physical illnesses, such as heart disease, stomach problems, and pain. But, the best reason to talk to your doctor is that anxiety is controllable, and its complications are avoidable with treatment. The 7 Best Online Anxiety Support Groups

A Bout The System Of Monitoring The Software Network - 2750 Words

A Bout The System Of Monitoring The Software Network (Essay Sample) Content: NameTutorCourseDateIntrusion Detection SystemAn (IDS) is an application that uses software that is used to monitor a network so that it can detect any activity that is malicious. If a malicious activity or any form of violation is detected, the information is immediately relayed to an administrator, or it is centrally collected. The collection is done using a system called security management and information (SIEM).The SIEM system makes use of a combination of outs that come from several sources and using the techniques called alarm system to differentiate an activity that is malicious and the alarms that are false. The IDS are of different spectrum that ranges from the software for the antivirus to the systems that monitor the traffic of the whole backbone network. The two most common categories of the IDS are the network intrusion system and the intrusion system that is host-based. (Abdullah 60).Any system that monitors the necessary files for operating systems is a n example of HIDS and the System That Does the Analysis of the network traffic that is incoming is an example of NIDS.Another form of classifying IDS is through the use of the method of detection. Under this category, there are the detectors that use the signature to do the detection. They can detect and recognize the bad patterns such as the malware. The other group is the one that detects anomalies (anomaly-based detection).They can detect any deviations from the normal traffic model. They rely on the machine learning. A few NIDS can respond immediately to the intrusions that have been detected. The systems that have the ability to respond are referred to as the intrusion prevention systems (Abdullah 62).NIDS are placed at points that are strategic so that they can monitor the to and fro traffic flow of all the devices that are within the network. It analyses the who traffic that passes through the whole subnet. It then tries to match the traffic that is moving to the subnets to t he library comprising of the known attacks. The moment a behavior that is abnormal or an attack is identified, the alert will automatically be sent to the administrator. The most commonly used tools for the simulation of the NIDS are the OPNET and Netsim.The have the ability to compare signatures packets so that it create a link and then drop the harmful packets that have been detected if they have a signature that matches the library records in the NIDS.If the NIDS are classified according to the interactivity of the system, there are 2 types namely: The online which deals with the network immediately an abnormality is detected. It analyses the Ethernet packets and using the program rules that are set; it is able to decipher whether it is an attack or not. The offline DIDS deals with the data that is stored and takes it through certain processes to make a decision whether it is an attack or not.The Intrusion Prevention System (IPS)This is a technology that is used to prevent to pre vent any threats to the network. It examines how the network flows and with the aim of detecting and preventing any vulnerabilities. The vulnerability in exploits comes through the introduction of a malicious input to the application that is targeted. It prevents the inputs that are malicious which are used by hackers with the aim of gaining control of a machine. The hacker is able to render the application useless because it cannot be used if he/she manages to penetrate the system that is the target successfully. This will result in the machine or application losing its service. Sometimes, the attacker can access all the information that the application that the targeted has been compromised has. The HIDS operate on individual devices on the network. This only does the monitoring of outbound and outbound packets from only the device. It will make the user aware if anything that is suspicious is detected. If for instance, the vital files were either deleted or modified, the administ rator will be alerted to do an investigation. HIDS are commonly seen on the machines that are mission critical whose configurations are not expected to be changed. The IDS can also be made to be system specific if the custom tools are used. ( Harold and Micki 993).The IPS is placed just directly behind the fireball so that it can provide a layer of analysis that is complementary against any dangerous content. The IPS is inline and active whereby it is in the direct communication between the destination and source. It is always actively doing an analysis as it takes actions that are automatic on all the traffic flows that enter the network. The actions include the following: * Automatic sending of an alarm to the administrator * The packets that are malicious are dropped * The traffic from the source address is blocked * The connection is resetThe IPS has several methods of detecting exploits, but the main ones are the anomaly-based and the statistical one. The signature-based mode o f detection relies on the dictionary that contains the patterns that are uniquely identified. The moment an exploit is identified, its unique signature is recorded and kept in a dictionary containing signatures that are ever growing.Both systems have the following limitations: * Noise can affect the effectiveness of the IDS.Sometimes the packets that are bad that are generated by the bugs from the software can make the data to be corrupted, and the false alarm can be created by packets that escaped. * In some cases, the number of real attacks is more than the number of the false alarms created. This makes the real attacks to be either missed or ignored. * If the signature that is used in the IDS is outdated, it will be left vulnerable to the attacks.The Difference between IDS and IPSThere are so many challenges while trying to maintain the security of network that is open for the customers to use. Modern cyber attackers are so sophisticated that they can hack and stop even the best security systems that are installed by computer experts. There should be no assumption that firewalls and encryption can protect computers. Those are too basic for the modern-day hacker. Those technologies cannot prevent current attacks.Though the two have the same base, they join the network at different places, their functions are different and the problems that they solve are also different. An IDS is a system that is used to monitor and detect any activities that are incorrect, inappropriate and anomalous in the network while an IPS detects any attacks before it intrudes and takes the necessary measures to prevent it. Therefore, the main difference is that the IPS takes immediate automatic steps to ensure that the attack does not go beyond the point of intrusion thus preventing it. The system does that by releasing the packets that are malicious hence prevent the network traffic that comes from the IPS that is malicious. It is an extension of IDS because it prevents attacks afte r detecting them. The IDs monitors the network activities that are not authorized. The IDS also uses the stateful protocol analysis whereby it does a comparison of the profiles that are predetermined of the definitions that are generally accepted to detect any deviations. For full protection, it is important is important to use both systems. This is vital so that the IPS can prevent the applications against any attacks as use the IDS to fight ant-malware that may have intruded the network.How to secure your personalMobile DeviceTablets, smartphones and other mobile devices have become integral in the lives of people. This is because there are certain activities that cannot be performed without them, therefore; life will be incomplete without them. Though these devices are important, when one sends an email, a text message, banking, shopping and other mobile transactions, the users are exposed to hackers who can easily access their personal information including their bank accounts. It is vital to take precautions to secure the applications and other devices that have important information.This is important so that the privates and sensitive information is not left vulnerable. In recent years, this kind of vulnerability has increased threefold. The following are some of the steps that need to be taken so that the mobile devices are protected against the hackers: * Ensure that your mobile device is physically protected by choosing a password that is not simple for somebody to guess. Avoid the use of common words as passwords. Equally, do not use your birthday as a password or your family members name or even a pet. It is very easy for somebody to guess such names and digits, therefore, becoming vulnerable. At the same, time one should make sure that he/she does not share the password with anybody. * Set your device on the auto-lock features. One needs to set the length of time after stopping its use that it can lock itself. Five minutes is a good period. * Avoid sharing your device with other people more especially the ones that you do not trust. If it is necessary to share the device, it will be important to open more than one account and have different passwords. This will ensure the safety of your information as well as the privacy of the information that the gadget contains.However, it is important that devices like mobile phones are not shared. * In case the mobile device is lost, it is important to report immediately to the police and the service providers. It is also advisable to change the password immediately the device is lost, stolen or misplaced. * It is important to sync data on the phone to either a laptop or a desktop. In case the phone is lost or damaged, it will be easier to trace the information because of that backup system. Some systems like the Apple iCloud give automatic data encryption and backup. * It is important that all the mobile ...

Shak Box Consulting Company - Innovation and Entrepreneurship - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1758 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? SHAK BOX Consulting Company Innovation and Entrepreneurship       Contents I.Executive summary II.Mission and objectives: 1.Mission: 2.Objectives: 3.Keys to Success: III.Trends affecting business growth: a)Mobile Devices b)Higher Design and Usability Standards c)Corporate Clients Want Solid Returns on IT Investments: IV.Resource requirements: a)Company Locations and Facilities b)Services c)Service Description V.Objectives/ milestones and Timetable of goals: VI.Managerial focus: a)Management Summary: b)Organizational Structure: c)Management Team: VII.Identify marketing strategy a)The 4ps: 1.Proposed Product or Service Plan: 2.Proposed Pricing Policy: 3.Proposed Promotional Plan: 4.Place (distribution): VIII.APPENDIX . Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Shak Box Consulting Company Innovation and Entrepreneurship" essay for you Create order I. Executive summary II. Mission and objectives: 1. Mission: Shak Box aims to offer comprehensive consulting services. Shack Box will focus on providing personal and specialized services to meet each clients specific needs. 2. Objectives: To satisfy a market need to offer a full-time consulting product To develop a client base requiring a team effort, versus a sole practitioner, to satisfy client requirements 3. Keys to Success: In my opinion as the founder of this company, to keep the company in its best productivity times and to continue setting higher objective to achieve we must maintain the following : Team approach on most consulting projects A group of professionals with a broad range of specialty areas that complement each other Successful niche marketing: we intend to find and target the quality-conscious customer in the right channels, making sure that the customer will find us through aggressive marketing Uncompromising commitment to the quality of the work: that is, quality data, information and solutions III. Trends affecting business growth: Mobile Devices : as the mobile device market grows this shows us that consumers are more and more going mobile, According to the CIAs world fact book we have about 6 billion mobile devices in 2011. Moreover, we have about 2.1 billion active internet users in 2010. This trend could help the business in many ways one of the most important ways is that Shak Box can reach a very wide audience worldwide providing online business services. (Cia.gov, 2014) Higher Design and Usability Standards: According to searchenginejournal.com, design and usability are no longer a complement to your marketing strategy. Design and usability are quickly becoming an essential part of marketing efforts because if users do not like what they see they will leave. Make it easy for them to find what they are looking for with a fast loading site that is easy to navigate. In Shak Box the added value that will be delivered to the consumer is the developed mobile (Search Engine Journal, 2014) Corporate Clients Want Solid Returns on IT Investments: According to plunkettresearch.com For more than a decade, a major source of revenue for consulting firms has been information technology projects of all types. The rapid growth of the Internet, intranets, e-commerce, advanced computer networks and private data nets encouraged corporate executives to dive into IT projects, generally at immense cost. Consultants were among the major beneficiaries of these projects. However, IT investment wound down rapidly between 2001 and 2003. Today many IT consulting projects are bid on a fixed cap basis, whereby a pre-agreed fee is guaranteed to see the project through to successful completion. For the mid-term, most corporate clients will be very stingy with IT consulting budgets. Non-essential projects will be delayed until economic growth resumes and corporate profits improve. When money gets tight as it has been for 2008-2009, corporate IT executives will make the best of their existing sy stems and look for ways to cut corners when implementing new ones (plunkettresearch.com,2014) IV. Resource requirements: Entire start-up expense comes to $80000. Start-up assets required include $220000 in initial cash to handle the first few months of consulting operations as sales and accounts receivable play through the cash flow. The details are included in Table 1 below. Start-up Requirements Start-up Expenses Legal $4,000 Stationery etc. $8,000 Insurance $3,000 Rent $10,000 Computers $25,000 Servers and hosting $9,000 Website and Application platform $20,000 Other $2,000 Total Start-up Expenses $80,000 Start-up Assets Cash Required $140,000 Other Current Assets $0 Long-term Assets $0 Total Assets $140,000 Total Requirements $220,000 a) Company Locations and Facilities The initial office will be establish its headquaterters office inHamra area of Beirut, the heart of theCity. Onthe other hand, the company, which provides ONLINE/OFFLINE consulting services, must have many resource bases and selling points therefore developing small bases all over the region of the MEA and most importantly targeting immerging countries such as China, Chile, and Brazil by establishing franchises. b) Services SHAK BOX offers a list of services forbusiness owners to choose from, depending on their particular business needs. c) Service Description Start-up services include business project preparation, marketing plan, and financing search and management. Ongoing services hold business plan updates, marketing plan updates, search and procurement of IT consulting, management development, financing, e-commerce services, equipped advising, and HR advising. Shak Box is flexible, working with its clients in the fashion preferred by the customer, be it on-site, remotely, or a association of both. Shak Box typically works on a project in a team to help the customer in all areas of the business simultaneously. This allows for all parties involved to be in sync in terms of knowing the interconnections of all functional areas of the business therefore closing all the gaps. V. Objectives/ milestones and Timetable of goals: https://www.bplans.com/consulting_planning_business_plan/strategy_and_implementation_summary_fc.php https://www.bplans.com/business_development_business_plan/services_fc.php https://www.bplans.com/business_consulting_business_plan/strategy_and_implementation_summary_fc.php https://www.bplans.com/management_consulting_business_plan/strategy_and_implementation_summary_fc.php VI. Managerial focus: a) Management Summary: The management team in Shak Box consists of the entrepreneur of Shak box Ghandi Ghoussaini, due to his experience in the marketing and the management field with a BS in Management from Cardiff University and a BS in Marketing from MUBS University We will develop and nurture the company as society. We do not intend to be very hierarchical because of the globalization of the business and an influence from a very professional entrepreneur Sir Richard Branson on Mr.Ghandi Ghoussaini b) Organizational Structure: Its founder Ghandi Ghoussaini as a start up will manage Shak Box but as Shak Box grows there will be more structure to the organization, with new employees being assigned a supervisor or subordinate is a must. c) Management Team: The founder will necessarily be involved in the fulfillment of the core business proposition, providing the expertise to the clients. Later, we intend to add more partners, consultants, and sales staff. To add on that we acknowledge the fact that successful recruiting, motivation and discipline procedures are keys to the growth of the organization. Hence we intend to promote and maintain good labour relations, strong morale and high quality work per employee. VII. Identify marketing strategy a) The 4ps: 1. Proposed Product or Service Plan: As mentioned above one of the most important trends discovered is the mobile devices people are living the mobility age with a platform as an application that gives the chance to the end consumer to access his company were ever and whenever he wants As a consultancy business Shak box works in a deadline frame of work therefore if the service is not delivered in the right time the consumer will get a discount about 50 % depending on the project this discount acts like a warranty for the consumer. 2. Proposed Pricing Policy: We aim for lower costs in order to attract more customers .The lower costs will be enough to pay for the required costs but will have low revenue in the future . Looking at the current market there is a shortage of consulting companies for smaller to medium sized type of businesses.With this pricing strategy Shak Box will be able to attract more business and make up the revenue in that way. The low costs will be kept at that level for one years and once the volume of business has increased 20% the prices will be increased 15% in order to increase revenue. 3. Proposed Promotional Plan: Ways to reach our target market things we can improve: Our website and online marketing Leave behind literature when we are at a service call Direct mail Newspaper Cable TV Agreements with banks on were entrepreneurs can gethelp after they got accepted on the lon aplication or how to get accepted for a lon application for openning a new business We should be able to collect dozens of testimonialsthrough our website we willhave some written testimonials as well as audio testimonials. These audio testimonials are pretty powerful and in the future we need to collect some video testimonials for our website and other ratings on socail media such as facebook, Linked in and tweeter. 4. Place (distribution): As mentioned above Shak Box will establish located in Beirut,Hamra as a headquarters , but the company will be establishing resource bases and selling points all over the MEA region in addition to that in the near future Shak Box will establish other offices in the emerging countries such as china, Brazil, and Chile VIII. Recognition of operating and regulatory environment and proprietary needs: IX. APPENDIX SHAK BOX Balance Sheets Date 2004 2005 Assets Current assets: Cash 14,000.00 Investments Inventories Accounts receivable Pre-paid expenses 1,500.00 Other Total current assets $ 15,500.00 $ Fixed assets: computer equitpment 60,000.00 Property and equipment 200,000.00 general installation 10,000.00 Equity and other investments 400,000.00 Less accumulated depreciation (67,000.00) Net fixed assets $ 603,000.00 $ Other assets Goodwill Total other assets Total assets $ 618,500.00 $ Liabilities and owners equity Current liabilities: Accounts payable Accrued wages Accrued compensation Income taxes payable Unearned revenue Other Total current liabilities $ $ Long-term liabilities Mortgage payable Total long-term liabilities Owners equity Investment capital Accumulated retained earnings Total owners equity $ $ Total liabilities and stockholders equity $ $ Two-Year Comparative Income Statement SHAK BOX Financial statements in U.S. dollars [Current Period] [Prior Period] Increase / (Decrease) Percent Change Revenue Gross Sales 550,000 550,000 Less: Sales Returns and Allowances 14,000 14,000 Net Sales 536,000 0 536,000 Cost of Goods Sold Beginning Inventory 0 Add: Purchases 0 Freight-in 0 Direct Labor 0 Indirect Expenses 0 Inventory Available 0 0 0 Less: Ending Inventory 0 Cost of Goods Sold 0 0 0 Gross Profit (Loss) 536,000 0 536,000 Expenses Advertising 137,500 137,500 Amortization 0 Bad Debts 0 Bank Charges 0 Charitable Contributions 0 Commissions 0 Contract Labor 137,500 137,500 Depreciation 67,000 67,000 Dues and Subscriptions 0 Employee Benefit Programs 0 Insurance 1,500 1,500 Interest 0 Legal and Professional Fees 55,000 55,000 Licenses and Fees 0 Miscellaneous 0 Office Expense 6,000 6,000 Payroll Taxes 0 Postage 0 Rent 0 Repairs and Maintenance 0 Supplies 0 Telephone 10,000 10,000 Travel 0 Utilities 0 Vehicle Expenses 0 Wages 0 Total Expenses 414,500 0 414,500 Net Operating Income 121,500 0 121,500 Other Income Gain (Loss) on Sale of Assets 0 Interest Income 0 Total Other Income 0 0 0

The Emergency Provisions in India - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 3076 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Narrative essay Tags: India Essay Did you like this example? Chapter 1 Introduction- An Analysis of the Emergency Provisions in the India. It is the President who can proclaim an emergency when he receives in writing a decision of the Union Cabinet to that effect. Ours being a parliamentary system, the President could proclaim emergency only when advised by the Council of Ministers through the Prime Minister. This provision was said to have been misused by the Prime Minister, in 1975 when the President was advised to make a proclamation of emergency on the ground of disturbance. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Emergency Provisions in India" essay for you Create order In order to minimize the chances of abuse of power to declare emergency and to ensure that a proclamation of emergency is issued only after due consideration, Article 352 was amended by the Constitution (44th Amendment) Act 1978. After the 44th Amendment, it is provided that the President can make a proclamation declaring emergency only when he receives in writing the decision of the Union to this effect. Grounds for Proclamation of an emergency. A proclamation to emergency maybe made on the ground of war, external aggression or internal disturbance. The expression à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“internal disturbanceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  is too vague and wide. It may cover a minor disturbance of law and order or even a political agitation. With the view to exclude the possibility of an emergency being proclaimed on the ground of internal disturbance of any nature, minor or grave, the 44th Amendment has substituted the expression à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“internal disturbanceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  by the expression a rmed rebellion. Thus, after the 44th Amendment, a proclamation of emergency maybe issued on any of the following grounds: (a) war (b) external aggression or (c) armed rebellion. However actual occurrence of war, external aggression or armed rebellion is not a condition precedent. Such a proclamation maybe made by the President even before the actual occurrence of the above events, when the President is satisfied that there is current danger of war, external aggression or armed rebellion.[i] War: The term war may mean the existence of violent struggle between two countries through the application of armed forces. When there is a formal declaration of an attacker from one country against another there exists à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“warà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  between the two countries and the winning country dictates according to its whim. External Aggression: The expression external aggression has many definitions such as unilateral attacks with force by any one state against another s tate without formal declaration of war. Such unilateral acts of force so long as they are not answered by similar hostile acts by the other side, constitute external aggression. Publication of a Proclamation: Article 352 does not prescribe any particular mode in which a proclamation should be published in order to come into operation. According to Article 352(1) the President may make a proclamation of emergency only when he is satisfied as the existence of a threat to the security of India, or a part thereof. Thus, the question whether security of India is threatened or not lies on the subjective satisfaction of the President acting on the advice of the Cabinet. The question has arisen from time to time whether the satisfaction of the President is justifiable or not. In Bhutnath v State of West Bengal[ii] the Supreme Court refusing to hold the continuance of the emergency under Article 352 is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"voidà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. To put the matter beyond the shadow of any doubt, the Constitution (38th Amendment) Act, 1975 amended the Constitution by adding Clause 1 to Article 352 which declared that the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“satisfactionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  of the President mentioned in Article 352 shall be final conclusive and cannot be challenged in any court on any grounds. Also, it was stated that the Supreme Court will not be entertaining any question on any ground when an Emergency is declared in the state as stated in Clause (1) or the continued operation of such proclamation. The satisfaction of the President in declaring the emergency under Article 352 were thus sought to be placed beyond the ken of judicial scrutiny.[iii] In Bhut Nath[iv] that was the view taken by the Supreme Court when it was said that the proclamation of emergency was not a justiciable issue but was a political matter in substance. The amendment sought to put this judicial view in the form of a constitutional provision list the Courts might change its opinion at some future dat e. Now the 44th Amendment of the Constitution has repealed Article 352(5). The position has this restored to what it was before the 38th Amendment Act. It is therefore for the Supreme Court to decide whether it will treat the satisfaction for the President to issue a proclamation of emergency or to vary it or to conceive it as final and non judiciable or as being subject to judicial review on some grounds. Since the passage of the 44th Amendment Act of the Constitution, the question of judicial review of the President to declare or not to declare an emergency has not arisen as no emergency has been declared after 1975. In Minerva Mills[v], however Bhagwati, J., did express the view that whether the President in proclaiming the emergency under Article 352 has applied his mind, or acted outside his powers or acted malafide in proclaiming the emergency could not b excluded from the scope of judicial review. Bhagwati, J., also observed that the 38th Amendment which barred from being called into question in a court could be declared unconstitutional as being violative of the basic structure of the Constitution. Further after the Supreme Court decision in Bommai[vi] by Bhagwati, J., in Minerva Mills. [vii]held that the Constitution seeks to control the exercise of the power of proclamation of an emergency in two ways: (a) The President must act on the advice of the Central Cabinet and not in his own subjective satisfaction and not on the advice of the Prime Minister alone. Thus the effective way to declare an emergency lies in the Cabinet. (b) the democratic control over the executive power in respect of proclaiming an emergency has been strengthened in so far as parliamentary approval is necessary for the proclamation immediately after it is made and then after every 6 months.[viii] But the safeguards may prove tenuous in practice because the government enjoys the support of the majority party and the Cabinet functions on the principle of Collective res ponsibility. A strong willed Prime Minister may dominate his cabinet as well as the party and thus mobilize support for the emergency even though in effect there may be no need for the same. It appears essential that a limited judicial review of the exercise of the power to proclaim emergency remains available. This extra parliamentary check is extremely important for safeguarding democracy in the country.[ix] When a Proclamation of emergency under Article 352(1) is declared the following drastic consequences follow: (a) there is a transformation in the behavior of the Indian federalism. The normal fabric of the Centre-State relations undergoes a fundamental change. Parliament makes laws with respect to any matter in the state list and such a law operates till six months after the proclamation ceases to operate [Article 250]. It thus means that the normal peace time distribution of legislative powers is practically suspended so far as Parliament is concerned. The State legisla tures continue to function as usual and may make any law in their assigned areas viz the List II and III but Parliament becomes empowered to legislate even in the exclusive state sphere as a result of the Proclamation of emergency. Parliament can meet the emergency by any passing any law that it may regard necessary without being trammeled by the scheme of distribution of powers.[Article 250(1)] and a Central law would override a State law even with respect to a matter in the State List [Article 251]. Article 359 states during emergencies, the enforcement of the rights under Article 20 and 21 cannot be suspended. The life of a law enacted by Parliament during the proclamation of emergency ceases to operate on the expiry of six months and the normal scheme of distribution legislative powers is fully restored. [x] (b) Further the Centre becomes entitled to give directions to a state as to the manner in which it is to exercise its executive power [Article 353(a)]. Since Parliamen t can make a law even in the exclusive state field it means that the Centre can give directions even in the area normally allotted to the State. Parliament may confer powers and impose duties upon the Centre or its officers and authorities even though the law pertains to a matter not in the Union List [Article 353(b)]. a) When an emergency is declared not in the whole of India but only in a part of India, the executive power of the Centre to give directions and the power of the Parliament to make laws as mentioned above, extent not only to the State in which the territory under emergency lies, but also to any other state if and so far as the security or any part of the territory thereof is threatened by activities or in relation to the part of the territory of India in which the proclamation of Emergency is in operation[Proviso to Article 352]. This provision means that in such a case, directions may be issued by the Center to the States which are not included in the Proclamat ion of Emergency. This provision has been inserted in the Constitution in order to make emergency effective in the area where it has been imposed by restricting undesirable activities in the adjoining areas. Miscreants could not be allowed to take advantage of the fact that the Proclamation does not relate to a particular spot where such activities are for the time being, being carried on. b) While the Proclamation of emergency is in operation, the President may direct that any provision (Articles 268 to 279) relating to the distribution of revenue between the Centre and the states, subject to any changes which he thinks fit. This provision frees the Centre from its obligations to transfer revenue to the States so that its own financial capacity remains unimpaired to deal with the emergency. An order suspending distribution of revenue is to be laid in the two Houses of Parliament and it would remain in force beyond the end of the financial year whereby the proclamation of emergen cy comes to an end. c) During an emergency, Parliament can also levy any tax which ordinarily falls in the State list [Article 250]. Thus, although the State Governments continues to operate the Central Government becomes omnipotent and the normal distribution of legislatives, executive and taxing powers and the scheme of distribution of revenue between the Centre and the States are all undone so far as the Centre is concerned. The reason is that during an emergency the Centreà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s financial need becomes greater than its peace time commitments and therefore the normal financial arrangements between the Centre and the States cannot continue to function. d) As has already been pointed out, during the proclamation of an emergency the life of the Lok Sabha comes to an end, this provision enables the same to be extended for the period of emergency. e) Parliament may by law extend the life of State legislature by one year each while an emergency persist in a state , subject to a maximum period of six months after the emergency ceases to operate [Proviso to Article 172]. f)The proclamation of an emergency also effects the Fundamental Rights. Article 358 states that during an Emergency of the six freedoms guaranteed to the citizens of India by Article 19 of the Constitution would be suspended and the State can make any law or to take any executive action abridging or taking away the rights guaranteed by Article 19 of the Constitution. The first imposition of the Presidentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s rule under Article 356 came in June 1951 when the Punjab Government was superseded despite its enjoying majority support in the Assembly. The real motivation was said to have been the need to resolve internal Congress Party differences. Again, in July, 1959 the Communist Government in Kerala faced the axe even though it had the full confidence of the State Assembly. The step was necessitated to protect the democratic principles of the Constitution wh ich were believed to be violated by the Communist Government.[xi] In 1967, without losing the confidence of the Assembly, the then Haryana Government was dismissed and Presidentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s rule imposed. Large scale defections, instability of government, political corruption etc were mentioned as the grounds. The most bizarre use of Article 356 was when on a single day, on 30 April, 1977 following results of general election to Lok Sabha, as many as nine State Governments ruled by the congress were taken over by the Jananta Government in New Delhi. Similarly, following the results of mid-term elections to Lok Sabha in January, 1980, proclamations under Article 356 were again issued on 17 February in respect of nine Non-Congress ruled States. Following the demolition of Babri Masjid on 6 December, 1992, Presidentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s rule was imposed on four BJP ruled States. In Bommai [xii], the Supreme Court held the exercise of power under Article 356 was subject to jud icial review, if the Court found the imposition of Presidentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s rule unconstitutional, it could order restoration of the dismissed State Ministry and revival of the dissolved Assembly. However, in the case of Karnataka and some other States where fresh elections had taken place and new governments formed, the Court did not order restoration of the old Assembly and Government, even though the proclamation was found to be unconstitutional. In the case of BJP states, proclamation was held to be unconstitutional on the ground that secularism was a basic feature of the Constitution and any government that acts against principal of secularism violates the Constitution and Article 356 can be invoked against it. In 1999, Presidentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s rule was imposed in Bihar under Article 356 on the grounds of serious failure of law and order. The BJP led Union government could get the proclamation approved by the Lok Sabha but failed in the Congress majority Rajya Sabha. The proclamation had to be revoked and Bihar government restored.[xiii] In the years 1997 and 1998, the Union Government headed by Gujral and Vajpayee respectively, advised the President to take over the administration of U.P. and Bihar on grounds like corruption, bad government, failure of law and order, spread of violence, defections and crime even though both the State Governments enjoyed the confidence of the their respective houses. The Union Cabinet reiterated its advice and the President accepted it. Presidentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s rule under Article 356 was proclaimed in U.P. on 9 March, 2002 on the ground that the public verdict in the general election was fragmented and no party was able to satisfy the governor of a stable majority. The most recent controversies were the developments in the three States of Goa, Jharkhand and Bihar, 2005. The Supreme Court had declared the unconstitutionality of the dissolution of the Bihar Assembly while simultaneously allowing the election process for a new Assembly to continue.[xiv] Also on 28 February, 2014 an Emergency was declared in Andhra Pradesh, when the Indian Parliament passed the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Bill, which was meant to carve out a separate Telangana state. Also on 14 February, 2014 in Delhi Presidentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Rule was imposed when Arvind Kejiriwal resigned as Chief Minister after failing to table the Jan Lokpal Bill in the Delhi Assembly. Article 355 imposes a twofold duty on the Centre to protect every state against external aggression and internal disturbance and to ensure that the Government of every state is carried on in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution. Article 360 states that when the President is satisfied that situation has arisen whereby the financial stability or credit of India or part of the territory thereof is threatened, he may make a declaration to that effect. The 44th Amendment makes Article 360 self contained. Such a Proclamation can be revoked or varied by the President by a subsequent Proclamation. But if the Lok Sabha is dissolved during that period of two months and resolution is approved by the Rajya Sabha, but not approved by the Lok Sabha the Proclamation shall cease to operate at the expiry of the thirty days a resolution approved by the Lok Sabha is passed by the Lok Sabha.[xv] During the period when such a proclamation is in operation, the executive power of the Central government shall extend to giving directions to any State specified in the direction and deemed necessary by the President for maintaining financial stability and the credit of the state. Such direction may include reduction of salaries and allowances including the judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts. The period of financial emergency will be in operation for two months and unless approved by President, it shall end at the expiry of the two months period. The Constitution of India is unique in respect that it contains a complete scheme for speedy readjustment of the peace time governmental machinery in movements of natural peril. The provisions may appear to be particularly in a Constitution which professes to be built upon an edifice of fundamental rights and democracy. But the provisions must be must be studied in the light of Indiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s past history. India had her past glorious days whenever the Central power grew weak. It is far well that the Constitution guards against the forces of disintegration. Events may take place threatening the very existence of the State and if there are no safeguards against such eventualities, the State together with all that is desired to remain basic and innumerable will be swept away. ENDNOTES [i] Professor Narendra Kumar, Eight Edition, 2011, Constitutional a Law of India, Pages 972-973. [ii] Bhutnath v State of West Bengal, 1974 AIR 806, 1974 SCR (3) 315. [iii] Professor Narendra Kumar, Eight Edition, 2011, Constitutional a Law of India, Pages 975. [iv] Minerva Mills v Union of India Ors, 1980 AIR 1789, 1981 SCR(1)226. [v] S.R.Bommai v Union of India, 1994 AIR 1918. [vi] S.R.Bommai v Union of India, 1994 AIR 1918. [vii]Minerva Mills v Union of India Ors, 1980 AIR 1789, 1981 SCR(1)226. [viii] T.K.Tope , Constitutional Law of India, Third Edition, p. 1028. [ix] T.K.Tope , Constitutional Law of India, Third Edition, p. 1029. [x] T.K.Tope , Constitutional Law of India, Third Edition, p. 1029. [xi] S.R.Bommai v Union of India, 1994 AIR 1918. [xii] S.R.Bommai v Union of India, 1994 AIR 1918. [xiii] Dr.Subhash C. Kashyap, Constitutional Law of India, Article 226A-End, Evaluation, Review and Reforms. Volume 2, p.2228. [xiv] Dr.Subhash C. Kashyap, Constitutional Law of India, Article 226A-End, Evaluation, Review and Reforms. Volume 2, p.2229. [xv] Dr.J.N.Pandey, The Constitutional Law of India, 49th Edition, 2012, p775-778.

Healthcare and the Homeless Geriatric Population - 738 Words

INTRODUCTION Within today’s constant debate on healthcare reform, lies a group of people who often go unnoticed: America’s homeless. For a long time, the homeless were amongst some of the very few who did not qualify for quality healthcare services. The new Obama Administration has established funding and programs that allot Americans free health care, however, not all are aware of how to receive these services. Most homeless individuals are not even aware that they have been made available. This research proposal will discuss 1) the issues concerning the homeless population and their health; 2) the reasons behind the homeless lacking proper knowledge regarding these changes and 3) the necessary accommodations that are needed to better acclimate and educate the homeless population on these changes. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Most of the homeless includes a population of elders aging between 50 and over. Being homeless raises the chances of them not being covered by health care (Kushel, 2012). There are a number of health issues that increase for those who are homeless and elderly. As they grow older, health implications continue to rise without the proper remedy to cure or prevent it. According to the United States Department of Health and Human Services, those who are elderly and homeless â€Å"are more likely to experience multiple medical problems and chronic illnesses that may have gone untreated for years† (United States Department of Health and Human Services, 2003). ForShow MoreRelatedNursing Philosophy : Nursing And Nursing Essay1660 Words   |  7 Pagesexperiences, clinical practice and practical training with existing healthcare personal an individual will develop confidence, form care-seeking skills, and become a kindhearted nurse as they actively work with patients. Environment The environment of nursing has also changed tremendously over the years. 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It serves the South CentralRead MoreThe Effects Of Effectual Daily Prayer On Mental Health5652 Words   |  23 Pages Contact: Diane.Bethmann@my.chamberlain.edu or Jwood@chamberlain.edu. Abstract The implementation of the Affordable Care Act has allowed numerous Americans to receive much-needed healthcare, but numerous gaps in mental health still remain. The baseline measure of adults who self report good or better mental health is 79.1%; the target objective is to increase the amount of adults who self report good or better mental health from 79Read MoreExploring the Relationship Between Physical Health and Mental Health for the Person with Dementia.5918 Words   |  24 Pagesperson with dementia and their family carers. The importance of having a focus on both physical health and healthy living will be discussed, and reflections of this being an area which is often neglected by health care professionals and the wider population as a whole will be made. Finally, a rationale for supporting a more holistic approach to the care and support of the person with a diagnosis of dementia will be presented and an overview of how this has been included within my own practice area

Should The Waste Of Class Time Doing Things - 1396 Words

As a college freshman, I sit in lectures and labs almost everyday and I look around at my fellow peers and see how many of them have their computers out. I notice that their faces are staring blankly into a laptop screen and as we are in a lecture I am completely confused. Shouldn’t they be paying attention to what is going on? We pay so much money to go to colleges and I look at some of the computer screens and see that they are not even taking notes or are on anything related to what we are doing in class. I asked some of my friends that go to other colleges and they say that they see the same thing. Why even go to class if you are not going to pay attention to the professor or what we are learning? Why waste in class time doing things that are not related to the class? We all know technology is changing everyday. As laptops are becoming more popular in today s society, especially in a college classroom setting, professors have noticed more and more students with their faces engaged on the computer screen and not the lecture. There have been recent studies that show in classroom use of laptops can affect students and their learning. Ultimately, it is up to the professor if laptops should be banned in the classroom, but it is the student s responsibility to take control of their own education. All the evidence supports that using laptops in class does inhibit the learning of students. Anyone can agree that when they go on the internet or computer to do a specific taskShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Leisure Class1176 Words   |  5 PagesTheory of The Leisure Class. New York: The Macmillan Company. Authors Purpose Thorstein Veblen initiated a new approach to economic theory that took account of evolving social and institutional contexts and considered their human implications. 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